Oni et al. (1989) |
Observational prospective study |
50 adult patients with closed tibial shaft fractures were included and after divided in two groups (delayed union and normal bone union) Treatment: conservative |
Serum ALP, serum intact OC |
Joerring et al. (1992) |
Observational prospective study |
12 patients with fracture of the tibial diaphysis were allocated in delayed union and normal bone union groups Gender: males and females Age: 23-67 years (males) and 24-72 years (females) Treatment: conservative |
Serum PICP (RIA), PIIINP (RIA) and ICTP (RIA) Sample collection: baseline, 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, 26 weeks after fracture Sample storage: -20°C until measurement Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Emami et al. (1999) |
Observational prospective study |
23 patients developed normal bone union and 7 with delayed union. Gender: males and females Age: 39.9 years (mean) Treatment: osteosynthesis with intramedullary nails |
BALP (wheat germ lectin), OC (RIA), PYD (RIA) Sample collection: baseline, 1, every 3rd week until healing, 26 and 52 weeks after treatment Sample storage: -20°C until measurement Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Kurdy (2000) |
Observational prospective study |
17 patients with normal bone union and 3 with delayed union Gender: 19 males and 1 female Age: 33.7 years (mean) Treatment: osteosynthesis with external fixator and conservative methods with casts |
BALP (wheat germ lectin), ICTP (RIA), PICP (RIA), PIIINP (RIA) Sample collection: baseline, 4, 8, 14 days and 5, 10, 14, 20 weeks after fracture Sample storage: -20°C until measurement Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Herrmann et al. (2002) |
Observational prospective study |
10 patients with normal fracture healing and 4 patients with delayed healing Gender: 9 males and 5 females Age: 43.7 years (mean) Treatment: osteosynthesis |
Serum BALP (wheat-germ lectin methods), intact and N-MID fragment OC (ELISA) and β-CTX (ELISA) Sample collection: 24 h, 7, 14, 28, 42, 60, 90, 180, 365 days after fracture Sample storage: -20°C until measurement Delay between sample collection and assay: until 90 days |
Zimmermann et al. (2005) |
Observational prospective study |
10 patients with delayed union matched to 10 patients with normal bone healing Gender: 16 males and 4 females Age: 46.6 years (mean) Treatment: osteosynthesis with intramedullary nail or compression plate Matching criteria: gender, age, type of fracture, localization and technique of osteosynthesis |
Serum TGF-β1 (ELISA), BMP-2 (ELISA), BMP-4 (ELISA) Sample collection: baseline, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 after treatment Sample storage: -80°C until measurement Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Marchelli et al. (2009) |
Observational cross-sectional study |
16 patients with atrophic non-union, 18 controls that have already healed a same fracture type within 6 months and 14 controls that were recovering from the same fractures type at that moment Gender: male Age: 20-39 years Matching criteria: gender, age, localisation and type of fracture Treatment: not mentioned |
Serum intact OC (ELISA), BALP (ELISA), OPG (ELISA), free RANKL (ELISA) Sample collection: single measure at 6-11 months after injury Sample storage: not mentioned Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Study |
Type of study |
Population |
Intervention |
Moghaddam et al. (2011) |
Observational prospective study |
248 patients initially selected. Included in the study 15 patients with atrophic non-union matched to 15 patients with normal bone healing Gender: 24 males, 6 females Age: mean age was 46.7 years in nonunion and 46.4 years in union group Matching criteria: gender, age, type of fracture, localisation, type of fixation, body mass index, smoker status Treatment: osteosynthesis with compression plates, intramedullary nails, external fixators |
Serum BALP (CLIA), TRAP 5b (EAA), β-CTX (ECLIA), PINP (ECLIA) Sample collection: 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 52 weeks after surgical intervention Sample storage: -80°C Delay between sample collection and assay: until 5,6 years |
Mukhopadhyay et al. (2011) |
Observational prospective study |
36 adult patients with long bone fracture were divided in two groups: impaired union and normal bone union. Gender: 25 males and 11 females Age: not mentioned Treatment: osteosynthesis or conservative methods |
Serum ALP (enzymatic method), urinary total HYP, urinary free HYP (spectrophotometry) Sample collection: baseline, 3, 8, 12 weeks after fracture Sample storage: not mentioned Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Sarahrudi et al. (2011) |
Observational prospective study |
9 patients with normal union matched to 9 patients with impaired bone healing Gender: 13 males and 5 females Age: 50.4 (mean age) Treatment: osteosynthesis compression plates, intramedullary nail, external fixators Matching criteria: gender, age, type of fracture, localization, technique of osteosynthesis and soft-tissue damage |
Serum TGF-β1 (ELISA) Sample collection: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 weeks after treatment Sample storage: -80°C Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Singh Ajai et al. (2013) |
Observational prospective study |
69 patients with normal union, 26 patients with impaired bone healing Gender: not mentioned Age: 18-45 years Treatment: conservative |
Serum ALP (spectrophotometry) Sample collection: baseline, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks after treatment and at 6 months Sample storage: not mentioned Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Baardewijk et al. (2013) |
Observational retrospective study |
34 patients with normal fracture union and 31 patients with a delayed healing process Gender: 25 males and 40 females Age: 40.7 (mean age, normal union), 43.3 (mean age, delayed union) Treatment: osteosynthesis compression plates, intramedullary nail, external fixators and conservative methods Matching criteria: gender, age, type of fracture, localization, technique of osteosynthesis and diabetes mellitus and smoking status. |
Serum BMP-2, 4, 6, 7, 9 (ELISA) Sample collection: 4.9 years after bone healing Sample storage: -80°C Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Komnenou et al. (2005) |
Observational prospective study |
35 dogs with normal bone union, 36 with delayed union and 12 with non-union Gender: 49 males and 34 females Age: 2-8 years Treatment: osteosynthesis with nondynamic compression plates |
Serum ALP (spectrophotometry) Sample collection: baseline, 10, 20, 30 days and afterward on monthly basis until bone union or signs of non-union were evident Sample storage: not mentioned Delay between sample collection and assay: not mentioned |
Sousa et al. (2011) |
Observational prospective study |
7 dogs with normal bone union, and 2 with non-union process Gender: 4 males and 3 females Age: 18 months to 8 years Treatment: osteosynthesis with compression plates, external fixators and intramedullary nails. |
Serum ALP , BALP (ELISA), TRAP Sample collection: baseline, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 days after surgical intervention Sample storage: -80°C Delay between sample collection and assay: until 6 months |
Study |
Type of study |
Population |
Intervention |
Southwood et al. (2003) |
Experimental study |
32 rabbits distributed in non-infected fracture group or infected fracture group Gender: females Age: 9-10 months Treatment: femoral fracture defect was inoculated with colony-forming units of Staphylococus aureus
|
Serum BALP (ELISA), intact OC (ELISA), DPD (ELISA) Sample collection: baseline, 4, 8, 12, 16 days after surgical intervention Sample storage: -80°C Delay between sample collection and assay: until 16 weeks |
Klein et al. (2004) |
Experimental study |
7 ewes with appropriated normal bone union process and 7 with a delay in the bone union process Gender: females Age: 2 years Treatment: midshaft tibial osteotomy stabilized with either a monolateral external fixator or an unreamed tibial nail |
Serum BALP (RIA), PICP (RIA), PIIINP (RIA) Sample collection: baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 weeks after surgical intervention Sample storage: -80°C Delay between sample collection and assay: : not mentioned |