<i>Sambucus australis</i> Cham. &amp; Schltdl. “Sauco”, a wild and native species from South America: a review for its valorization as a wild food plant with edible and medicinal properties

Sosa, Andrea Verónica; Arena, Miriam Elisabet; Radice, Silvia

doi:10.1590/1677-941X-ABB-2023-0185

Brasil

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Review • Acta Bot. Bras. 38 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-941X-ABB-2023-0185 linkcopy

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. “Sauco”, a wild and native species from South America: a review for its valorization as a wild food plant with edible and medicinal properties

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Abstract

Sambucus australis (Viburnaceae) is a wild and native species from South America used in traditional medicine. The objective of this review is to collect information on geographic distribution, systematics and phylogeny, morphological and anatomical characteristics, biochemical composition, and biological and ethnobotanical activity for its valorization as a wild food plant with edible and medicinal properties. S. australis grows naturally in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is a shrub or small dioecious tree. Leaves are imparipinnate, generally with 11 opposite leaflets. Flowers with a 1-cm diameter are presented in inflorescences as terminal corymbs, with an inferior, pentacarpellate and pentalocular ovary. Leaves and flowers have a high content of total phenols. The following secondary metabolites were found: quercetin, isoquercetrin, quercetin, Kaempferol, hyperoside, rutin, and di-O-caffeoylquinic, chlorogenic, gallic, caffeic, and ellagic acids. Its biological activity was described as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, allelopathic, antiproliferative, antigenotoxic, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, antibacterial and synergizing. Ethnobotanical studies have shown that its flowers, leaves, fruits, bark and roots are used to treat asthma, colds, flu, diabetes, measles, etc. Knowledge about the characteristics, properties, and uses of S. australis is an important contribution for its valorization, conservation, sustainable use and domestication

Keywords: Viburnaceae; ethnobotany; biological activity; morphological and chemical characterization

Reference	City	State	Region
Almeida et al. 2014	San Franscisco de Conde	Bahía	Northeastern
Medeiros & Albuquerque 2012	Olinda	Pernambuco
Silva et al. 2008	San Antonio, Pedrafogo	Paraíba
Maia et al. 2021	Timbó	Paraíba
Junior et al. 2016	Crato	Ceará
Rao et al. 2011	Guaramiranga	Ceará
do Nacimento et al. 2014	Guaramiranga	Ceará
dos Santos Silva et al. 2020	Bragança	Pará	North
dos Santos Silva et al. 2020	Vigía	Pará	North
Bieski et al. 2012	Región del Pantanal	Mato Grosso	Central-western
Maia 2018	Ponta Porá	Mato Grosso do Sul	Central-western

Reference	Organ	Methodology	Composition	Antioxidant activity
Almeida et al. 2003	Leaf	AOAC (1992)	9.75% total ash, 0.41% silica, 72% humidity, 8.08% crude fiber, 6.26% fat
Clemes et al. 2015	AqLe-Pe	Folin-Ciocalteu DPPH	Ph (0,26 mg GAE/g)	0,87 %
Clemes et al. 2015	EtLe-Pe:	Folin-Ciocalteu DPPH	Ph (12,84 mg GAE/g)	1,10%
Tedesco et al. 2017	AqLe	HPLC	Ga, Ca, El, Ru, Qtin, Qtrin, Is, Ka, Ch
Tedesco et al. 2017	AqFl	HPLC	Qtrin, Is, Qtin, Ka, Di, Hy, Ru, Ch
Benevides et al. 2017	EtLe	Folin-Ciocalteu PVPP LC/ESI-MS/MS	Ph (395,24 mg/g of pyrogallol) Ta (77,38 mg/g) Ca, Ch, Ru, Qtin
Benevides et al. 2017	EtBa	Folin-Ciocalteu PVPP LC/ESI-MS/MS	Ph (381,35 mg/g of pyrogallol) Ta (47,62 mg/g) Ca, Ch, Ru, Qtin
dos Santos et al. 2020	Le	Spectrometer	Al (21.41 µg/g), Ba (2.39 µg/g), Ca (1480.20 µg/g), Cr (0.08 µg/g), Cu (1.97 µg/g), Fe (2.86 µg/g), K (9868.00 µg/g), Mg(1091.40 µg/g), Mn (26.18 µg/g), Na (378.50 µg/g), Ni (0.35 µg/g), Zn (6.14 µg/g)
Alerico et al. 2016	Sb	Lugol reactive Dittmar reagent Sudan IV Sulphuric acid 50% Folin-Ciocalteau UV-VIS spectrophotometry	Starch Alkaloids Lipids Calcium oxalate crystals Ph (48,32 mg GAE/g) Ru (0,62 mg/g)
Alice et al. 1991	EtFl	Rizk (1982), Hussein Ayoub and Kingston (1982) and Krebs et al. (1969)	Fl, St, Tr
Maciel et al. 1998	Fl		9.59% total ash, 11.3% humidity, Fl, Po, Ta
Scopel 2005, Scopel et al. 2010	EtFl	Farmacopéia Brasileira Infrared Scale Drying HPLC	Total ash (9.59%) Humidity 10.90% Qtrin, Is, Qtin, Ka, Di, Hy, Ru, Ch

Reference	State/province	Interviewed	Organ	Therapeutic action/ disease	Preparation method
Fernandes & Boff 2017	Rio de Janeiro	Herbalists	Le, Fl	I) Ast, Am	In
Stalcup & Stalcup 2000	Río Grande do sul	Healers, health workers		Me, Ch, Rh, Fe, Flu, Im, Ij
Silva et al. 2008	Paraíba	Elderly settlers	Le, Fl	Fe, Flu, Cu, He	In
Beiski et al. 2012	Mato Grosso	Settlers		I) Me II) Fe	I) In E II) In I
Medeiros & Albuquerque 2012	Pernambuco	Dr. Serpa’s recipes	Fl, Fr, Ba, Ro	Pu
Vendruscolo & Mentz 2006	Santa Catarina	Settlers	Le	Co	De
De Luca et al. 2014	Paraná	Settlers	Le, Fl, Ba, Ro	Di, Ca, Ar, Mu	In, De
Maia et al. 2021	Paraíba	Health workers, healers	Le, Fl, Ro	Fe, Flu, He, Co, Hy, If	In, De
Scarpa et al. 2016	Product catalog	Criollos de valles subandinos	I) Lo, Le, Fl II) Fl	I) An, At, Am II) Dp.
Del Vitto et al. 1997	San Luis	Pharmacists, herbalists, fairground vendors		Dp, Dg, Du
Rondina et al. 2008	Analgesic sp.		I) Pa II) Le	I) St II) As	II) De
Goleniowski et al. 2006	Córdoba	Healers, herbalists, consumers	Fl	Dp, Dg, Du
Martínez 2008	Córdoba	Settlers	Fl	I) St II) Su, St	II) Co De
Martínez & Lujan 2011	Córdoba	Settlers		Inj, Tr, Wo	Wa
Luján et al. 2017	Córdoba	Healers, herbalists	I) Le II) Fl	I) As II) Si, Ne
Luján & Martínez 2019	Córdoba	Healers	Le, St	Ad
Keller & Romero 2006	Misiones	Small farmers		Am, At, Co
Keller 2010	Misiones	Guaraníes	Fr	Am	Ru
Zamudio & Hilgert 2011	Misiones	Argeninean, brazilian, paraguayans		I) Af, flu, Br, Ast, II) y III) At, St, br, flu, Ne IV) Flu V) Co, Ast	I) H II) Haa III) Hl IV) Ha V) Hc
Kujawska et al. 2012	Misiones	Farmers,polish settlers		Ne	Hf
Kujawska & Hilgert 2014	Misiones.	Polish migrants	Le, St	If	In
Kujawska & Schmeda-Hirschmann 2022	Misiones.	Paraguayan migrants and their descendants	I) Fl II) Fl III) Le IV) Fr	I) At II) At III) Bc IV) Hz	I) In II) In Cp III) In bu IV) Wa
Mansfeld 2023			I) Fr II) Le	II) Re	I) J

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Sociedade Botânica do Brasil SCLN 307 - Bloco B - Sala 218 - Ed. Constrol Center Asa Norte CEP: 70746-520 Brasília/DF. - Alta Floresta - MT - Brazil
E-mail: acta@botanica.org.br

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[TFN1] Organ: Le: Leaf; Fl: flower; Sb: Stem bark; AqFl: aqueous flower extract; AqLe: aqueous leaf extrac; AqLe-Pe: aqueous lear and petiol extract; EtBa: ethanolic bark extract; EtFl: ethanolic flower extract; EtLe: ethanolic leaf extract; EtLe-Pe: ethanolic leaf and petiol extract. Composition: Ca: caffeic acids; Ch: chlorogenic acid; Di: di-O-caffeoylquine acid; El: ellagic acid; Fl: flavonoids; Ga: Gallic acid; Hy: hyperoside; Is: isoquercetrin; Ka: Kaempferol; Ph: phenols; Po: polyphenols; Qtin: quercetin; Qtrin: quercetrin; Ru: rutin; St: sterols; Ta: tannins; Tr: triterpenes.