Histopathologic patterns and etiologic diagnosis of porcine respiratory disease complex in Brazil

Arenales, A.; Santana, C.H.; Rolim, A.C.R.; Pereira, E.M.M.S.; Nascimento, E.F.; Paixão, T.A.; Santos, R.L.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-12439

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Veterinary Medicine • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 74 (03) • May-Jun 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12439 linkcopy

Histopathologic patterns and etiologic diagnosis of porcine respiratory disease complex in Brazil

[Padrões histopatológicos e diagnóstico etiológico do complexo de doenças respiratórias dos suínos no Brasil]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Porcine respiratory disease complex is a major health concern for the porcine industry, causing significant economic loss. In this study, a total of 156 samples from pigs referred to a diagnostic laboratory in Brazil for 15 months were analyzed by histopathology, bacterial isolation, PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Multiple infections were common, so 42.3% of the pigs had more than one pathogen detected in the lungs. Swine influenza virus was detected in 25.0% of the cases. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in 7.1% of the pigs, which was often associated with Pasteurella multocida. In addition, one case of porcine circovirus type 3 infection associated with granulomatous pneumonia was diagnosed. Bacteria were isolated in 125 cases, namely Pasteurella multocida (34.0%), Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis (35.2%), Streptococcus suis (13.5%), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (7.7%). Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was identified in 7.0% of the cases, and 18.6% of pigs carried Salmonella sp. The most common patterns of pulmonary inflammation were broncopneumonia, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and pleuritis, in that order. This study demonstrated that histopathology is an efficient tool along with other laboratorial diagnostic tests for establishing an etiologic diagnosis in cases of porcine respiratory disease complex.

Keywords: Pasteurella multocida; influenza; Streptococcus suis; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis; Porcine circovirus type 3

Pathogens		Age category
Number of pigs tested (n)		Suckling (n = 9)	Nursery (n = 82)	Finishing (n = 65)	Total (n = 156)
Glaesserella parasuis (tested, n = 156)	Alone	1.8% (1/55)	41.8% (23/55)	9.1% (5/55)	52.7% (29/55)
	Mixed	3.6% (2/55)	38.2% (21/55)	5.4% (3/55)	47.3% (26/55)
	Total	33.3% (3/9)	53.7% (44/82)	12.3% (8/65)	35.2% (55/156)
Pasteurella multocida (tested, n = 156)	Alone	1.9% (1/53)	11.3% (6/53)	30.2% (16/53)	43.4% (23/53)
	Mixed	1.9% (1/53)	18.9% (10/53)	35.8% (19/53)	56.6% (30/53)
	Total	22.2% (2/9)	19.5% (16/82)	53.8% (35/65)	34.0% (53/156)
Swine influenza vírus (tested, n = 82)	Alone	5.1% (2/39)	12.8% (5/39)	2.6% (1/39)	20.5% (8/39)
	Mixed	7.7% (3/39)	53.8% (21/39)	17.9% (7/39)	79.5% (31/39)
	Total	55.6% (5/9)	31.7% (26/82)	12.3% (8/65)	25.0% (39/156)
	Tested	100% (5/5)	52% (26/50)	29.6% (8/27)	47.6%(39/82)
Salmonella spp. (tested, n = 156)	Alone	3.4% (1/29)	6.9% (2/29)	0	10.3% (3/29)
	Mixed	3.4% (1/29)	48.3% (14/29)	37.9% (11/29)	89.6% (26/29)
	Total	22.2% (2/9)	19.5% (16/82)	16.9% (11/65)	18.6% (29/156)
	Alone	0	33.3% (7/21)	19.0% (4/21)	52.4% (11/21)
	Mixed	0	33.3% (7/21)	14.3% (3/21)	47.6% (10/21)
	Total	0	17.1% (14/82)	10.8% (7/65)	13.5% (21/156)
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (tested, n = 156)	Alone	0	0	25% (3/12)	25% (3/12)
	Mixed	8.3% (1/12)	8.3% (1/12)	58.3% (7/12)	75% (9/12)
	Total	11.1% (1/9)	1.2% (1/82)	15.4% (10/65)	7.7% (12/156)
Porcine circovirus type 2 (tested, n = 31)	Alone	0	9.1% (1/11)	0	9.1% (1/11)
	Mixed	0	27.3% (3/11)	63.6% (7/11)	90.9% (10/11)
	Total	0	4.9% (4/82)	10.8% (7/65)	7.1% (11/156)
	Tested	0% (0/2)	23.5% (4/17)	58.3% (7/12)	35.5% (11/31)
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (tested, n = 26)	Alone	0	0	0	0
	Mixed	0	54.5% (6/11)	45.4% (5/11)	100.0% (11/11)
	Total	0	7.3% (6/82)	7.7% (5/65)	7.0% (11/156)
	Tested	0% (0/1)	40% (6/15)	45.4% (5/11)	42.3% (11/26)
Trueperella pyogenes (tested, n = 156)	Alone	0	0	50.0% (2/4)	50% (2/4)
	Mixed	0	0	50.0% (2/4)	50% (2/4)
	Total	0	0	6.2% (4/65)	2.6% (4/156)
Porcine circovirus type 3 (tested, n = 1)	Alone	0	0	100.0% (1/1)	100.0% (1/1)
	Mixed	0	0	0	0
	Total	0	0	1.6% (1/65)	0.6% (1/156)
	Tested	0	0	100.0% (1/1)	100.0% (1/1)

Pathogens (mixed infection)	Suckling (n = 9)	Nursery (n = 82)	Finishing (n = 65)	Total (n = 156)
Gp + Pm	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Gp + Sal	1	3	1	3.2% (5/156)
Gp + SIV	1	8	1	6.4% (10/156)
Gp + My	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Gp + PCV2	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Gp + SIV + My	0	2	0	1.3% (2/156)
Gp + SIV + PCV2	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Gp + Sal + SIV	0	3	0	1.9% (3/156)
Gp + SIV + PCV2 + My	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Gp + Pm + My	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Ss + Sal	0	2	1	1.9% (3/156)
Ss+ Sal + Pm	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Ss + Pm + My	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Ss + APP	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Ss + PCV2	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Ss + SIV	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Pm + Sal	0	2	3	3.2% (5/156)
Pm + Sal + My	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Pm + APP	0	0	3	1.9% (3/156)
Pm + APP + SIV	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Pm + Tp	0	0	2	1.3% (2/156)
Pm + SIV	1	3	2	3.8% (6/156)
Pm + SIV + My	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Pm + SIV + PCV2	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Pm + My	0	1	1	1.3% (2/156)
Pm + PCV2	0	0	2	1.3% (2/156)
Pm + PCV2 + My	0	0	1	0.6% (1/156)
Sal + SIV	0	1	1	1.3% (2/156)
Sal + APP	0	1	2	1.9% (3/156)
Sal + PCV2	0	0	2	1.3% (2/156)
APP + SIV	1	0	0	0.6% (1/156)
Ss + Sal + SIV	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Ss + Pm	0	1	0	0.6% (1/156)
Total	44.4% (4/9)	43.9% (36/82)	44.6% (29/65)	44.2% (69/156)

Histopathologic	Pathogens
pattern	SIV	APP	Gp	Pm	Ss	Tp	Sal	PCV2	My	PCV3	Total
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia	18	1	32	14	7	2	11	4	4	0	93
Bronchopneumonia	18	11	16	39	11	2	13	6	7	1	124
Interstitial pneumonia	3	0	7	0	3	0	5	1	0	0	19
Fibrinous pleuritis	11	6	20	12	9	1	8	2	2	0	71
Pulmonary parenchymal necrosis	4	6	0	8	0	0	1	1	1	0	21
Bronchiolar hyperplasia	8	0	8	3	3	0	4	1	1	0	28
Bronchiolitis	1	0	2	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	7
Necrotizing bronchiolitis	3	0	3	4	3	0	4	0	2	0	19
Bronchiolar hyperplasia with microabcesses	5	0	5	2	2	0	1	0	1	0	16
BALT hyperplasia	5	2	11	9	5	0	5	2	2	0	41

Bronquiolar lesions	SIV positive	SIV negative	P value
Bronchiolar hyperplasia	20.5% (8/39)	14.0% (6/43)	0.5594
Necrotizing bronchiolitis	7.7% (3/39)	16.3% (7/43)	0.3183
Bronchiolar hyperplasia with microabcesses	12.8% (5/39)	0% (0/43)	0.0211

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
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[TFN1] Abbreviations: Gp: Glaesserella parasuis; Pm: Pasteurella multocida; Sal: Salmonella spp.; SIV: swine influenza virus; My: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; PCV2: porcine circovirus type 2; Ss: Streptococcus suis; Tp: Trueperella pyogenes; APP: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.