Minocycline i.p. A, B
|
Antibiotic |
Male Sprague–Dawley rats. ALF: Portocaval anastomosis + hepatic arterial ligation Male Albino rats: Galactosamine-induced ALF |
↓ AST, ALT ↓ Ammonia |
↓ Microglial activation A ↑ IL-10 B ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α B ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α mRNA A ↓ Nitrite/Nitrate B ↓ iNOS, heme oxygenase-1 gene expression B ↓ Brain water B ↓ Brain edema A
|
+ Time to loss of righting and corneal reflex |
A: Jiang et al., 200957 B: Gamal et al., 201358
|
Dexamethasone i.p. |
Corticosteroid |
Male Albino rats: Galactosamine-induced ALF |
↓ AST, ALT ↓ Ammonia |
↑ IL-10 ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↓ Nitrite/Nitrate ↓ iNOS, heme oxygenase-1 NA: Brain water |
|
Gamal et al., 201358 |
Etanercept (ETA) i.p. |
Anti TNF- α |
Male C57/BL6 mice AOM-induced AFL |
↓ AST, ALT ↓ Ammonia, TNF-α, IL-6, ↑ GSH + Liver histology: ↓ necrosis, vacuolization hepatocyte and congestion |
↓ Microglia ↓ IL-6 NA: GSH |
↑Time to coma |
Chastre et al., 201263 |
Infliximab i.v. tail A, B |
Anti TNF-α |
Male Wistar rats: PCS A, B
|
NA: Ammonia A, B ↓ PGE2, IL-6 A, B ↓ IL-17 A ↑ IL-10 A, B NA: IL-4 B |
• Cerebellum B: ↓ Microglia and astrocyte activation ↓ cell expressing TNF- α, IL-1β ↓ [TNF- α, IL-1β] Modulate GABA and GABA transporter in astrocyte and neuron • Hippocampus A: ↓ Microglia activation ↓ Neuron expressing TNF- α NA: cell expressing IL-1β ↓ TNF-α mRNA ↓ [TNF-α, IL-1β] Modulate Glu receptors in brain regions |
+ Spatial memory A + Learning ability B + Motor coordination B
|
A : Dadsetan et al., 2016a22 B: Dadsetan et al., 2016b64 |
Ibuprofen i.p. A, B, C |
NSAID |
Male Wistar ratsA, B, C, D: PCS A, B, C BDL D Hyperammonemic diet D
|
NA: Ammonia B
|
• Cerebral cortex: Modulate Glu pathways B NA: [TNF- α, IL-6] B ↓ iNOS and COX activity B • Striatum: ↓ PREP activity A • SNr: Modulate Glu and Glu transporters C • Cerebellum: NA: iNOS D ↓ MHCII D NA: Ammonia D |
+ Learning ability B, D + Cognitive function D + Motor activity C, D
|
A: Tenorio-Laranga et al., 201562B: Cauli et al., 200759 C: Cauli et al., 200961D: Rodrigo et al., 201060
|
Losartan gavage |
ARB |
Male Sprangue-Dawley rats: TAA-induce CLF: MHE |
↓ Ammonia, ALT, GGT, MDA ↓ TNF- αmRNA ↑ GSH + Liver histology ↓ Liver fibrosis |
– |
NA: Psycomotor behavior NA: Locomotory activity |
Murad et al., 201765 |
Sildenafil drinking water A, B, C |
PDE-5 inhibitor |
Male Wistar rats A, B, C: PCS rats A, B, C MHE A, B Hyperammonemic C |
NA: Ammonia A |
• Cerebellum A: ↓ Microglia and astrocyte A ↓ [IL-1β; TNF-α] A ↑ [IL-4] A Modulate GABA, GABA receptors and transporters A Modulate Glu pathway C • Hippocampus B: ↓ Microglia ↓ [IL-1β; TNF-α; IL-10] Modulate GABA and Glu receptor expression |
+ Motor coordination A + Spatial learning and memory B |
A: Augusti et al., 201666 B: Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 201523 C: Erceg et al., 200567 |
Tadalafil gavage |
PDE-5 inhibitor |
Male C57/6 mice TAA-induce ALF |
↓ NO serum |
• Cerebral cortex: ↓ Microglial activation and astrocyte ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 ↑ BDNF, synaptophysin • Hippocampus: ↓ Microglial activation and astrocyte ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 Modulate Glu receptors |
+ Spatial learning and memory |
Franca et al.,201968 |
Bicuculline i.p. |
GABAA receptor antagonist |
Male Wistar rats: Hyperammonemic |
– |
• Hippocampus: NA: Microglia activation ↓ Astrocytes activation ↓ Cell expressing IL-1β ↓ [IL-1β] Modulate Glu receptors |
+ Learning index + Memory + Exploratory behavior ↓ Anxiety-like behavior |
Malaguarnera, et al., 201969 |