POSITIVE EVIDENCE |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors |
Lisinopril |
10–20 mg/day 2x/day; maximum 80 mg orally |
Dry cough, fatigue, dizziness, vertigo, lipothymia, hyperkalemia |
1 class II study |
Level C: possibly efficacious |
C-D-D / Use with care Breastfeeding: Low risk |
Enalapril |
10-20mg/day 1x or 2x/day; maximum 40 mg orally |
1 class II study |
Level C: possibly efficacious |
C-D-D / use with care Breastfeeding: Potential severe adverse events in the baby; stop medication or breastfeeding |
Captopril |
50 mg/day; up to 450 mg/day 3x/day orally |
1 class III study |
Level U: conflicting data. |
C-D-D / use with care Breastfeeding: Very low risk |
Angiotensin receptor blockers |
Candesartan |
8–16 mg/day; maximum 32 mg 1–2x/day orally |
Dizziness, arterial hypotension, fatigue, paresthesia, hyperkalemia |
2 class I studies |
Level A: Established as efficacious |
C-D-D / Contraindicated Breastfeeding: Low risk; moderately safe; monitor use |
Calcium channel blockers |
Flunarizine |
5–10 mg/day 1x at night orally |
Somnolence, weight gain, depression, fatigue, vertigo, arterial hypotension, hypokinesis, tremor, rigidity |
Class II (> 2 studies) |
Level B: Probably efficacious |
Category C Breastfeeding: High risk |
Nicardipine |
60–120 mg/day 3x/day orally |
Headache, dizziness, facial redness, dyspnea |
1 class II study and 1 class IV study |
Level U: conflicting data |
Unknown fetal risk due to lack of studies Breastfeeding: avoid it because of lack of information. |
Nifedipine |
10–60 mg/day -1–3x/day orally |
Dizziness, leg edema, facial redness, headache |
2 class III studies (1 positive and one negative) |
Level U: conflicting data |
Category C Breastfeeding: very low risk |
Drug
|
Frequency of dosage and administration route
|
Adverse events
|
Evidence level
|
Recommendation level
|
Pregnancy/ breastfeeding
|
Neuroleptics |
Quetiapine |
25–150 mg/ day 1 or 2x/day Maximum 800 mg orally |
Excessive sedation, confusion, weight gain |
2 class III studies |
Level C: Possibly efficacious |
Category C Breastfeeding: Very low risk |
Aripiprazole |
5–20 mg/day 1x/day Maximum 30 mg orally |
|
1 class III study |
Level U: Conflicting data |
Category C Breastfeeding: Low risk |
Ziprasidone |
40–80 mg/day 2x/day orally |
1 class IV study |
Level U: Conflicting data |
Category C Breastfeeding: High risk |
Statins |
Atorvastatin |
10–80 mg/day- average 20 mg 1x/day orally |
Headache, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, insomnia |
1 class II study |
Level C: Possibly efficacious |
Category X Breastfeeding: High risk |
Simvastatin |
5–80 mg/day - average 20 mg 1x/day orally |
1 class II study and 1 class III study |
Level C: Possibly efficacious |
Category X Breastfeeding: High risk |
Vitamin K inhibitor |
Warfarin |
2.5–5 mg/day Maximum 10 mg/day (INR 2–3) 1x/day orally |
Digestive, urinary, oral, and nasal bleeding |
2 class III studies |
Level C: Possibly efficacious |
Category X Breastfeeding: Very low risk |
Other drugs |
Melatonin |
3 mg/day 1x at night orally |
Fatigue, somnolence, difficulty in concentrating, depressive symptoms, headache, diarrhea, abnormal dreams, |
1 class II study |
Level C: Possibly efficacious |
C/C/C Use with care Breastfeeding: Very low risk |
Cyproheptadine |
1–6.5 mg/day 1x/day orally |
Somnolence, increased appetite, weight gain, dry mouth, blurred vision, glaucoma |
> 2 class III studies and 1 class II study |
Level C: Possibly efficacious |
Category B Breastfeeding: Contraindicated |
Pizotifen |
1.5–3.0 mg/day 1–3x/day orally |
Weight gain |
> 2 class II studies |
Level B: Probably efficacious |
Category B Breastfeeding: Not recommended |
Drug
|
Frequency of dosage and administration route
|
Adverse events
|
Evidence level
|
Recommendation level
|
Pregnancy/ breastfeeding
|
NEGATIVE EVIDENCE |
Angiotensin receptor blockers |
Telmisartan |
|
|
1 class I study |
|
|
|
40–80 mg/day 1x/day orally |
Dizziness, arterial hypotension, fatigue, paresthesia, hyperkalemia |
|
Level B: Probably inefficacious |
C-D-D / use with care Breastfeeding: High risk |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
Sertraline |
50–100 mg/day 1x/day Maximum 200 mg orally |
See escitalopram |
1 class II study |
Level C: Possibly inefficacious |
Category C Breastfeeding: Very low risk |
Fluoxetine |
20–60 mg/day 1x/day orally |
≥ 2 class II studies |
Level B: Probably inefficacious |
Category C Breastfeeding: Low risk |
Citalopram |
10–20 mg/day 1x/day orally |
2 class II studies |
Level B: Probably inefficacious |
Category B and C Breastfeeding: Very low risk |
Other drugs |
Clonidine |
25 to 75 Mg/day 2x/day Maximum 900 μg orally |
Anxiety, tiredness, dry mouth, dizziness, dyspnea, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, stomachache, abdominal bloating, orthostatic hypotension, fainting, somnolence, rash, headache, irritability, insomnia |
≥ 2 class I studies |
Level A: Established as not efficacious |
Category C Breastfeeding: High risk |
Montelukast |
5–20 mg/day orally |
Not reported |
Class I, class II and class III studies |
Level B: Probably inefficacious |
Category C Breastfeeding: Low risk |