Aß42 |
- reduced levels in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) of AD patients.39 - elevated levels in plasma isolated NDEVs from AD an MCI in comparison to controls.44,46,47,51 - elevated levels in plasma isolated NDEVs from AD in comparison to controls up to 10 years prior to clinical diagnosis, with progressive increase of such levels along with disease progression.47
|
Tau |
- inconclusive. |
Synaptic proteins |
|
Neurogranin, Synaptotagmin, Synaptopodin and Synaptophysin |
- decreased levels in plasma isolated EVs from AD patients in comparison to controls(same in MCI and Parkinsons Disease).51
|
SNAP-25 and Synapsin-1 |
- decreased levels in plasma isolated EVs from AD patients in comparison to controls.51,52
|
Neuronal pentraxin-2, Neurexin-2-α, GluA4-containing Glutamate receptor and Neuroligin-1 |
- reduced levels in plasma isolated NDEVs from AD patients in comparison to controls; the reduced levels correlated with cognitive loss; - the decreased levels of Neurexin-2-α, GluA4-containing Glutamate receptor and Neuroligin-1 were present up to 6-11 years before clinical diagnosis, and reduction was directly proportional to disease progression.53
|
Insulin metabolism proteins |
|
Phospho-Ser312-IRS1 |
- elevated levels in NDEVs isolated from AD patients plasma.54,55
|
Phospho-panTyr-IRS1 |
- decreases levels in NDEVs isolated from AD patients plasma.54,55
|
Lysossomal proteins |
|
Cathepsin D |
- increased levels in NDEVs isolated from AD and pre-clinical AD patients in comparison to controls.56
|
Heat shock protein-70 |
- reduced levels in NDEVs isolated from AD and pre-clinical AD patients in comparison to controls.56
|
Neurotrophic factors |
|
Hepatocyte growth factor, Fibroblast growth factor type 2, Fibroblast growth factor type 13 and Insulin-like growth factor type 1 |
- reduced levels in neuron precursor cells(CSPG4) derived EVs isolated from the plasma of pre-clinical AD patients in comparison to controls.57
|
Astrocytes |
|
BACE-1 and sAPPß |
- elevated levels in astrocyte-derived EVs isolated from AD patientes in comparison to controls.58
|
Glia-derived neurotrophic factor(GNDF) |
- reduced levels in astrocyte-derived EVs isolated from AD patients in comparison to controles.59
|
Micro-RNAs |
|
miR-342-3p, miR-125a-5p, miR-125b-5p and miR-451a |
- reduced expression levels in exossomes isolated from AD patients in comparison to controls; expression levels directly correlates to cognitive defect.29 65
|
miR-135a, miR-193b, miR-384 |
- combined analyses of expression in exossomes is a good biomarker for early AD.64
|
Small-nucleolar-RNAs |
|
SNORD115 and SNORD116 |
- increased levels in plasma isolated EVs from AD patients in comparison to controls; enabled diferentiation between controls and AD with a 94.7%AUC.66
|
Mitochondrial-RNAs |
|
MT-ND1-6, MT-ND4L, MT-ATP6, MTATP8, MT-CYTB, MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3 mRNAs, and MT-RNR1 rRNA |
- elevated levels in plasma isolated EVs from AD and MCI patients in comparison to controls.72
|
Lipids |
|
Plasmalogen glycerophosphoethanolamine |
- increased levels in BDEVs isolated from frontal cortex tissue of AD patients in comparison to controls.75
|
Polyunsaturated fatty acyl containing lipids |
- decreased levels in BDEVs isolated from frontal cortex tissue of AD patients in comparison to controls.75
|