Sap flow by heat balance method: theoretical basis, data quality and practical aspects

The stem heat balance method has become an important technique in plant physiology, agrometeorology and irrigation science. Its application has increased in the last years due to the development of less expensive automatic data acquisition systems that are widespread. Important advances in several research areas have been reached by quantifying the water consumption by isolated plants in different temporal scales. Based on the theory of the method, this review aims to present and discuss the procedures of installation and maintenance, and data analysis and processing, giving elements to improve the user's criticism about data quality. Aspects related to the impact of environmental conditions on sensor performance are presented, as well as the practical recommendations found in literature are critically discussed. The method is a useful tool for research and experimentation, but it seems to be inadequate for use in practical conditions. Difficulties involving its operational and practical aspects - installation and maintenance in field conditions - in addition to data analysis and processing are the main obstacles to the users of this technique.

instrumentation; transpiration; water consumption