Fisher et al., 200427 |
USA |
Cohort study |
873 non-institutional individuals |
Access to dental service/age/gender/race/income/number of teeth |
Oral disadvantage: gum disease, sensitive tooth (hot and/or cold) or dental disease. |
Interview and application of a structured questionnaire. |
Whites were more likely to seek dental services than blacks. Among patients with severe periodontitis, white patients had more successful treatments. |
Chavers et al., 200731 |
USA |
Cohort study |
873 people |
Dental care, demographic factors and socioeconomic factors |
Oral disadvantage |
Data were extracted from a prospective longitudinal study on oral health and dental care. |
There are significant differences in the incidence of oral disadvantages based on the approach to dental care, race, gender, area of residence, level of formal education, and financial status. |
Jimenez et al., 200932 |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
16,821 people |
Race/education/poverty income index/occupation, dental insurance/use of dental care/medical insurance/gender/region of residence/foreign origin. |
Tooth loss |
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) - Clinical examination and interviews.
|
The association between the number of missing teeth and socioeconomic factors was attenuated among blacks and Mexican Americans, when compared to whites in this study population. |
Guiotoku et al., 20121 |
Brazil |
Step 1: Cross-sectional study Step 2: Ecological study |
12,811 adults of both sexes aged 35 to 44. In a second moment, in an attempt to contextualize inequities, we started working with a group of 6,918 black and brown people. |
Step 1: Average family income (in US dollars) and education (in years of study), access to the dentist and race/skin color. Step 2: average family income, human development index (HDI) and Gini index (IGini). |
Stage 1: Caries (DMFT index), tooth loss, previous edentulism, dental pain, need for prosthesis and access to a dentist. Stage 2: average DMFT, average number of missing teeth and prevalence of previous edentulism, dental pain, and need for prosthesis, aggregated by state. |
Secondary data from the SB Brazil 2002-2003 national survey. The oral examination was carried out at home by calibrated examiners. |
Significant differences were observed between race/color groups for all outcomes studied. Racial inequities in oral health were evident in Brazil, with greater vulnerability of the black population (blacks and browns) in relation to whites. |
Antunes et al., 201325 |
Brazil |
Ecological study |
8,505 people living in the city of São Paulo who died from oral cancer |
Race, black skin color/male gender |
Oral cancer |
Mortality and Census Information System 2000. |
The oral cancer death rate doubled for black men from 2003-2009 |
Bruno et al., 201321 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
29 quilombola individuals |
Race, black skin color |
Oral Lesions/Periodontal Disease |
Community Periodontal Index (CPI) |
A high prevalence of periodontal disease was found (75.86%) in quilombolas. |
Celeste et al., 201323 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
2,791 employees from a university campus in Rio de Janeiro |
Behavioral markers/Self-reported discrimination/race |
Self-reported tooth loss |
Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire |
After adjustment, black people had an odds ratio of being in a higher category of missing teeth equal to 1.39 (95%CI 1.12-1.72), and brown people, 1.33 (95%CI 1.10-1.60), when compared to whites. |
Figueiredo et al., 201619 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
120 quilombola individuals |
Quilombola community and water fluoridation |
Oral health condition |
Structured questionnaire and periodontal examination, in addition to collecting drinking water |
Wide prevalence of cavities, as well as tooth loss, with a higher rate associated with the rural quilombola community. |
Bidinotto et al., 201713 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
583 individuals belonging to the Quilombola community |
Race, black skin color, low income |
Negative self-rated oral health |
Application of a structured questionnaire. |
Negative self-rated oral health was reported by 313 (53.1%) individuals. Satisfaction with appearance and chewing is a factor associated with quilombolas' self-rated oral health. |
Nazer and Sabbah, 201828 |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
76,273 participants over 40 years old |
Black/Hispanic/Other |
Tooth loss |
Use of secondary data. Application of a structured questionnaire over the telephone. |
African Americans are more likely to have tooth loss than other ethnic groups. The significant association between ethnicity and tooth loss persisted even after adjusting for socioeconomic position. |
Sandes et al., 201818 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
669 quilombolas, aged 65 to 74 years, living in 33 rural quilombola communities spread across 20 different municipalities |
Socioeconomic conditions/use of dental services |
Oral health condition |
Interviews and examinations were carried out |
The quilombolas analyzed choose to seek dental care only in cases of pain or extraction. Precarious oral health conditions, high rate of edentulism. Most elderly people reported being unhappy with their own oral health status. |
Han, 201930 |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
12,307 adults |
Education/household income/demographics |
Visits to the dentist/ |
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) |
Non-Hispanic blacks report worse self-rated oral health than non-Hispanic whites |
Celeste et al., 201924 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
9,779 individuals aged 35 to 44 |
Income/education/race |
Periodontitis |
Interview and oral examination |
Higher income and education were associated with a decreased prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis. There were no significant interactions between income and race or education, nor between race and education, nor between race and periodontitis. |
Araújo et al., 202020 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
864 quilombola individuals |
Socioeconomic and demographic variables and health conditions variables |
Tooth loss |
Application of a structured questionnaire. |
The majority of quilombolas in the semi-arid region of Bahia reported losing at least one tooth due to extraction, and those who reported having tooth decay were more likely to have a tooth extracted. |
Schuch et al., 20214 |
Australia |
Cross-sectional study |
2,798 individuals |
Perceived racial discrimination/income/education |
Compromised oral health |
Based on data from the National Dental Telephone Interview Survey. |
Perceived racial discrimination is associated with oral health problems, and this relationship is socially standardized. |
Miranda et al.,202122 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
406 quilombola elderly people |
Sociodemographic characteristics of quilombola elderly people |
Access to dental services |
Structured interviews and clinical dental examinations. |
Quilombola elderly people had precarious oral health conditions and had restricted access to dental services. Elderly people had greater difficulty accessing dental health services. |
Muralikrishnan and Sabbah, 202129 |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
4,858 individuals |
Racial discrimination |
Tooth loss |
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2014 |
This study demonstrated a potential role for discrimination in tooth loss among American adults. Discrimination could also explain part of the ethnic inequalities in oral health. |
Karam et al., 202226 |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study resulting from a cohort |
537 individuals |
Social and racial inequalities |
Oral health self-assessment |
Oral Health Study (OHS) |
The results of this study demonstrate racial disparities in oral health regardless of income and education. Furthermore, negative self-rated oral health was identified as being more prevalent among participants belonging to racial/skin color minorities. |