Stewart BW (2012) / Australia18
|
Priorities for cancer prevention: lifestyle choices versus unavoidable exposures |
Lancet Oncol |
Literature review (Author’s considerations) |
To elucidate by scientific means, environmental risk factors and “unavoidable exposures” associated or not with the development of cancer in order to discuss the need to implement preventive measures. |
There is a well-established relationship in the literature between air pollution and the risk of developing lung cancer. Therefore, reduced releases of pollutants in the air is an urgent measure of cancer control in developing countries, and a problem for developed countries. As for pesticides, the potential to cause cancer as well as carcinogenicity are not well established for all chemical classes. However, it is of relevant interest to public health, especially for the occupationally exposed population, and not through the intake of food contaminated by pesticides, as society in general assumes. Nevertheless, based on a precautionary principle, monitoring and adopting possible measures for the reduction of residues in food should be a public health concern. |
Batterman et al. (2012) / USA12
|
Sources, concentrations, and risks of naphthalene in indoor and outdoor air |
Indoor Air |
Environmental monitoring: assessing exposure |
To describe the distribution and sources of naphthalene concentration in the gas phase in four communities in Southeast Michigan, USA. |
Outdoor: the median concentration found in the external environment was 0.15 μg / m3, with a slight increase observed in the period of intense traffic; Indoor: the median concentration observed in the long term was 0.89 μg / m3, with some asymmetry in the values found. Some 14% of the households evaluated had concentrations of naphthalene above 3 μg / m3, a reference value for chronic non-carcinogenic effects. Some 8% exceeded 10 μg / m3, but values reached up to 200 μg / m3. The estimated cancer risk was approximately in the range of 1 to 10,000, but reached 1 in 100 in some households. The main pollutant sources observed are the use of naphthalene as an insect repellent, room flavoring agent and from garages attached to houses. |
Viel et al. (2011) / France19
|
Increased risk of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and serum organochlorine concentrations among neighbors of a municipal solid waste incinerator |
Environmental International |
Case control |
To assess the risk of developing NHL in the population exposed to types of organochlorines released into the air through the incineration of solid waste in a municipality of France using the serum concentration of the pesticide to assess the exposure. |
Organochlorines associated with the risk of developing NHL: Beta-hexachlorocyclohexane ([OR] = 1.05; [CI] 95% = 1.00-1.2); DDT ([OR] = 1.20; [CI] 95% = 1.01-1.45); Other chemical species associated with increased risk for NHL: Dioxins, Furans and PCBs |
Segawa et al. (2014)/ USA13
|
Community air monitoring for pesticides. Part 1: selecting pesticides and a community |
Environ Monit Assess |
Development and application of specific methods of air environmental monitoring |
To select pesticides relevant to human health, as well as a community in the state of California / USA to receive an airborne pesticide monitoring station, based on society participation and objective and transparent choice criteria |
The study of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) has resulted in a list of the 40 most important pesticides and the products of their degradation, from the Public Health perspective and feasibility of monitoring, as well as a community: Parlier, located in the Valley of San Joaquim/California , to receive the monitoring of pesticides in the air for one year. |
Hengel & Lee (2014) / USA14
|
Community air monitoring for pesticides. Part 2: multiresidue determination of pesticides in air by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry |
Environ Monit Assess |
Description of the development process and validation of an analytical method for the determination of multiple pesticides in the air |
To develop methods for determining multiple pesticides in the air |
The two methodologies developed are comparable and appropriate for the determination of residual pesticides in the air |
Wofford et al. (2014) / USA15
|
Community air monitoring for pesticides. Part 3: using health-based screening levels to evaluate results collected for a year |
Environ Monit Assess |
Environmental monitoring of air potentially contaminated by pesticides and their by-products |
To assess the potential exposure of the resident population of Parlier / California to pesticides and the products of their degradation in the air |
Parlier residents were exposed for one year of monitoring to 19 types of pesticides, with peaks of daily concentration varying from 16 to 23.6 µg/m3. Diazinon exceeded the Screening Level (SL), a measure used by the study to estimate exposure levels based on the likelihood of the non-occurrence of non-cancer adverse health effects. – 1,3-Dichloropene exceeded the values assigned to its Cancer Potency Value, a measure used to estimate the carcinogenic potential based on the Intra-Risk Information System proposed by the US EPA. |
Dvorská et al. (2012)/ Armenia20
|
Obsolete pesticide storage sites and their POP release into the environment - na Armenian case study |
Environ Sci Pollut Res |
Evaluation of environmental compartments, including air, and food potentially contaminated by pesticides classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in landfills and their former storage sites. |
To analyze four areas of Armenia selected for containing POP residues in terms of potential human exposure, health risk, and the capacity to disseminate contaminants to the environmental matrix on a local scale |
In the samples collected in regions of old landfills and pesticide depots of four different locations in Armenia, all showed some level of environmental contamination. In Jrarat, one of the localities investigated as a former depot and center for the distribution of government agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers), soil contamination by pesticides was found in the vicinity of the facilities runoff and dispersed in the form of dust by the wind (256.91 mg Kg-1 p, p’-DDT). A more plausible hypothesis than volatization in this case, according to authors. Also in this location, collected air samples were highly contaminated by DDT (sum of isomers equal to 4,320.4 µg disc-1) with decreasing pollution as it moved away from the ruins of the contaminated warehouse. Also in this region, air pollution by evaporation of lindane and B-endosulfan was detected. In Nubarashen, site of landfill of agrochemical residues, air pollution by HCH (2,376.8 µg disc-1) was verified. |
Ratola et al. (2014) / Portugal21
|
Biomonitoring of pesticides by pine needles - Chemical scoring, risk of exposure, levels and trends |
Science of the Total Environment |
Environmental assessment of air contaminated by pesticides based on biomonitoring |
To determine the levels of 18 types of pesticides by means of the analysis of pine leaves (Pinus pinea) collected in 12 different localities of Portugal |
Eighteen pesticides were selected among 70 for evaluation of air contamination through biomonitoring using pine leaves in 12 regions of Portugal. Of these, molinate, pirimicarb, parathion-ethyl, ametrim, prometryn and pendimethalin were classified as very high and high risk of exposure. In addition, air pollution was higher in rural areas, followed by industrial and urban areas. |
Mahmood et al. (2014)/ Pakistan22
|
Human health risk assessment and dietary intake of organochlorine pesticides through air, soil and food crops (wheat and rice) along two tributaries of river Chenab, Pakistan |
Food and Chemical Toxicology |
Environmental and toxicological evaluation |
To assess the potential risks to human health related to organochlorine contamination. |
Six air samples were evaluated in the province of Punjab, Pakistan, whose organochlorine concentrations ranged from 123 to 625 pg m-3. However, excess health risk (Hazard Ratio) was observed only in wheat and rice samples. |
Kumar et al. (2014)/USA16
|
Glyphosate-rich air samples induce IL-33, TSLP and generate IL-13 dependent airway inflammation |
Toxicology |
Toxicological |
To explore the mechanisms of glyphosate induction in pulmonary pathology using rat models and real environmental samples |
Exposure of rats to glyphosate-rich or glyphosate alone air increased in the lungs: eosinophils and neutrophils, mast cell degranulation, and IL-33, TSLP, IL-13 and IL-5 production. Glyphosate-rich farm air samples (collected at the herbicide-spraying period) or glyphosate alone air samples were shown to be able to induce IL-13-dependent lung inflammation and promote Th2-type cytokines. |
Sultana et al. (2014)/ Pakistan23
|
Investigation of organochlorine pesticides from the Indus Basin, Pakistan: Sources, air–soil exchange fluxes and risk assessment |
Science of the Total Environment |
Environmental assessment |
To assess the level of contamination by organochlorines (OCs) and their potential to migrate between environmental compartments: air-soil, in addition to assessing health risks in the Indus Basin / Pakistan |
Most prevalent organochlorines in the studied region, including air were DDTs and HCHs. The highest concentration of DDTs in the air in agricultural regions (743 pg/m3), although it was spatially found throughout the studied area. The risk of cancer found in the Indus Basin resident population was high (RC > 1 X 10-6) |
Malek et al. (2015)/USA17
|
Exposure to hazardous air pollutants and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
Environmental Pollution |
Case control |
To investigate the relationship between exposure to hazardous air pollutants with neurotoxic potential (PAPs) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
Although it found a significantly increased risk for ALS from residential exposure to aromatic solvents in 2002 (OR=5.03, 95% CI: 1.29, 19.53), no association was found between ALS and pesticides. |