Estimativa do estoque de carbono no solo via espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (vis/nir) sensoriamento remoto aéreo e orbital

Faria, Ohana C. O.; Torres, Gilmar N.; Raimo, Luis A. D. L. Di; Couto, Eduardo G.

doi:10.1590/1983-21252023v36n320rc

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Agricultural Engineering • Rev. Caatinga 36 (3) • Jul-Sep 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252023v36n320rc linkcopiar

Estimativa do estoque de carbono no solo via espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (vis/nir) sensoriamento remoto aéreo e orbital

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Os procedimentos atuais de determinação do conteúdo de carbono orgânico do solo (COS) são onerosos, demorados e geram resíduos químicos poluentes. Por isso, o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos utilizando o sensoriamento remoto aéreo, orbital e a espectroscopia de refletância difusa (ERD) para o mapeamento digital do estoque de carbono orgânico do solo (EC) são imprescindíveis para o fomento de ações de pesquisa e monitoramento do COS nos solos brasileiros. Diante disso, foram estudadas três áreas de talhões comerciais na região do Meio Norte de Mato Grosso onde realizou-se a amostragem para a determinação de COS na camada de 0 a 30 cm, avaliado pelo método de combustão via seca e estimado através da ERD na região do visível ao infravermelho-próximo - Vis-NIR-SWIR/350-2500 nm) . Para obtenção das imagens por sensoriamento remoto aéreo, foi utilizado o Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado Carcará II^®, com uma câmera multiespectal (RGB + NIR + RedEdge) da marca MicaSense^® acoplada. Os sensores orbitais utilizados foram o satélite Sentinel 2^® e Planet^®. Este estudo mostrou que os valores do estoque de carbono do solo podem ser preditos usando diferentes abordagens de modelagem com base em medições espectrais de campo e laboratório. Modelos preditivos para estimar o COS podem ser estabelecidos usando sensoriamento remoto e próximo, permitindo assim uma melhor compreensão dos padrões espaciais do COS nos campos de cultivo.

Palavras-chave Agricultura de precisão; Monitoramento de estoque de carbono; Sensores remotos

Farm	Clay	Sand	Silt	Organic Matter	BS	CEC	Ca	Mg	K	P	S
			-(%)---				---(cmol_c.dm^-3)--			--(mg.dm^-3)--
Capuaba	62	33	5	3.3	54	8.8	3.3	1.2	96	32	16
Palminha	53	38	9	3.0	57	7.1	2.8	0.6	70	27	15
Aterrado	21	72	7	1.9	69	5.6	2.8	0.7	41	28	7

Variable		Aterrado farm		Capuaba farm		Palminha farm		Regional
Variable		Crop	Reference	Crop	Reference	Crop	Reference	Regional
	Average	8.4	14.0	16.7	19.5	15.6	22.8	16.2
SOC	Minimum	5.7	9.2	9.9	12.3	8.1	16.5	10.3
(g kg^-1)	Maximum	12.8	21.1	21.9	43.6	19.3	26.9	24.3
	SD	1.6	6.3	2.4	12.0	2.5	4.8	4.9
	Average	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.2
Db (Mg m^-3)	Minimum	1.2	1.1	1.0	0.8	1.0	0.9	1.0
Db (Mg m^-3)	Maximum	1.5	1.3	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.1	1.3
	SD	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1
	Average	29.7	50.8	58.0	61.5	47.9	69.7	52.9
CS	Minimum	20.0	29.3	34.5	46.3	24.9	49.2	34.0
(Mg ha^-1)	Maximum	45.0	82.4	75.9	98.1	59.4	90.1	75.1
	SD	5.7	27.9	8.4	18.9	7.8	15.1	14.0

			GPR model					SVM model
	Dataset	Statistical parameters	Cap	Pal	At	Reg	Ge	Cap	Pal	At	Reg	Ge
		R²	0.74	0.86	0.91	0.75	0.76	0.74	0.85	0.93	0.7	0.77
	Cal	RMSE	0.14	0.15	0.09	0.25	0.33	0.14	0.15	0.08	0.3	0.33
SOC (%)		RPIQ	1.39	2.74	2.13	2.44	2.43	1.38	2.71	2.48	2.4	2.43
SOC (%)	Val	_R2	0.84	0.49	0.67	0.61	0.66	0.87	0.22	0.31	0.6	0.67
	Val	RMSE	0.63	0.25	0.1	0.36	0.37	0.62	0.3	0.14	0.4	0.36
		RPIQ	0.26	0.55	2.21	1.78	2.25	0.26	0.46	1.61	1.8	2.27
		R²	0.92	0.82	0.94	0.73	0.76	0.94	0.8	0.99	0.7	0.76
	Cal	RMSE	1.75	1.56	0.78	2.53	3.19	1.52	1.71	0.3	2.6	3.23
SOC (g kg-¹)		RPIQ	1.01	1.96	3	2.49	2.51	1.16	1.79	7.72	2.4	2.47
SOC (g kg-¹)		_R2	0.15	0.07	0.34	0.63	0.69	0.17	0.15	0.29	0.6	0.68
	Val	RMSE	3.52	4.37	1.59	3.84	3.94	3.38	4.16	1.76	3.5	4.04
		RPIQ	1.18	0.53	1.14	1.62	2.22	1.23	0.56	1.03	1.8	2.16
		_R2	0.7	0.72	0.76	0.87	0.79	0.67	0.73	0.99	0.9	0.8
	Cal	RMSE	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.07	0.09	4.97	3.82	2.26	7.7	12.8
Db		RPIQ	3.05	2.14	2.92	4.73	3.57	1.85	2.04	2.36	2.2	1.74
Db		R²	0	0.07	0.26	0.78	0.71	0.04	0.05	0.8	0.4	0.15
	Val	RMSE	0.19	7.52	0.22	0.09	0.11	6.64	8.89	9.48	11	17.9
		RPIQ	0.57	1.15	0.42	3.81	2.85	0.88	0.97	0.91	1.2	1.16
		_R2	0.86	0.85	0.82	0.73	0.51	0.85	0.92	0.85	0.7	0.45
	Cal	RMSE	4.81	5.07	2.41	7.66	12.2	4.97	3.82	2.26	7.7	12.8
CS		RPIQ	1.91	1.53	2.22	2.24	1.82	1.85	2.04	2.36	2.2	1.74
CS		_R2	0.27	0.22	0.79	0.44	0.18	0.04	0.05	0.8	0.4	0.15
	Val	RMSE	4.36	7.52	9.34	10.8	17	6.64	8.89	9.48	11	17.9
		RPIQ	1.34	1.15	0.9	1.27	1.23	0.88	0.97	0.91	1.2	1.16
		_R2	0.93	0.9	0.72	0.5	0.49	0.97	0.92	0.49	0.6	0.67
	Cal	RMSE	0.07	0.12	0.09	0.35	0.48	0.04	0.11	0.13	0.31	0.38
SOC (%)		RPIQ	2.74	3.44	2.36	1.76	1.69	4.7	3.78	1.73	1.99	2.09
SOC (%)		R²	0.54	0.12	0.81	0.44	0.47	0.69	0.06	0.05	0.57	0.64
	Val	RMSE	0.74	0.44	0.19	0.42	0.46	0.66	0.37	0.41	0.37	0.38
		RPIQ	0.22	0.31	0.93	1.51	1.78	0.25	0.38	0.44	1.73	2.17
		MLR model							PLSR model
	Dataset	Statistical parameters	Cap	Pal	At	Reg	Ge	Cap	Pal	At	Reg	Ge
		R²	0.99	0.86	0.91	0.55	0.53	0.99	0.85	0.94	0.64	0.6
	Cal	RMSE	0.58	1.36	0.88	3.62	4.41	0.48	1.42	0.74	2.94	4.03
SOC (g kg-¹)		RPIQ	3.05	2.24	2.64	1.65	1.81	3.7	2.15	3.14	2.09	1.98
SOC (g kg-¹)		_R2	0.43	0.5	0.41	0.52	0.6	0.31	0.09	0.35	0.67	0.67
	Val	RMSE	5.28	3.81	1.72	3.19	4.46	4.02	4.81	1.87	3.3	4.04
		RPIQ	0.79	0.61	1.05	2.12	1.96	1.03	0.48	0.97	1.93	2.17
		_R2	0.72	0.59	0.31	0.76	0.59	0.55	0.45	0.46	0.82	0.68
	Cal	RMSE	2.25	3.64	2.65	9.91	14.73	6.42	6.68	2.32	9.67	14.67
Db		RPIQ	3.66	2.14	3.42	1.73	1.51	1.43	1.16	2.3	1.78	1.52
Db		R²	0.24	0.24	0.84	0.45	0.19	0.44	0.13	0.78	0.46	0.17
	Val	RMSE	11.58	8.9	7.43	10.62	16.6	4.1	7.93	8.4	10.6	17.02
		RPIQ	0.51	0.97	1.12	1.29	1.24	1.42	1.09	1.03	1.29	1.22
		_R2	0.96	0.92	0.81	0.53	0.25	0.73	0.73	0.82	0.55	0.25
	Cal	RMSE	2.25	3.64	2.65	9.91	14.73	6.42	6.68	2.32	9.67	14.67
CS		RPIQ	3.66	2.14	3.42	1.73	1.51	1.43	1.16	2.3	1.78	1.52
CS		R²	0.24	0.24	0.84	0.45	0.19	0.44	0.13	0.78	0.46	0.17
	Val	RMSE	11.58	8.9	7.43	10.62	16.6	4.1	7.93	8.4	10.6	17.02
		RPIQ	0.51	0.97	1.12	1.29	1.24	1.42	1.09	1.03	1.29	1.22

			GPR model				SVM model
	Data set	Statistical parameters	Cap	Pal	At	Cap	Pal	At
		2 R	0.16	0.25	0.81	0.79	0.23	1
	Cal	RMSE	0.23	0.25	0.11	0.11	0.24	0.02
		RPIQ	0.7	1.2	2.26	1.43	1.26	14.48
SOC (%)		2 R	0.08	0.17	0.45	0.28	0.11	0.48
	Val	RMSE	0.29	0.24	0.14	0.26	0.23	0.13
		RPIQ	0.41	1.09	0.84	0.46	1.14	0.92
		2 R	0.15	0.31	0.85	0.49	0.42	0.87
	Cal	RMSE	2.71	2.47	1.03	1.85	2.26	0.8
SOC (g kg^-1)		RPIQ	0.45	0.85	2.5	0.66	0.92	3.52
		2 R	0.55	0.04	0.32	0.03	0.38	0.35
	Val	RMSE	1.88	1.97	1.35	2.93	2.64	0.94
		RPIQ	1.05	2	0.68	0.68	1.5	0.69
		2 R	0.32	0.25	0.81	0.59	0.25	0.86
	Cal	RMSE	9.33	7.71	3.77	8.57	8.07	3.03
		RPIQ	0.39	1.21	2.3	0.42	1.16	2.86
CS		2 R	0.55	0.11	0.35	0.49	0.2	0.45
	Val	RMSE	7.58	7.84	4.49	5.42	5.73	4.35
		RPIQ	0.84	0.68	0.94	1.18	1.17	0.97
	MLR model					PLSR model
	Data set	Statistical parameters	Cap	Pal	At	Cap	Pal	At
		2 R	0.78	0.57	0.77	0.18	0.32	0.43
	Cal	RMSE	0.1	0.17	0.08	0.18	0.22	0.13
		RPIQ	1.55	1.8	2.97	0.89	1.33	1.89
SOC (%)		2 R	0.55	0.38	0.26	0.09	0.22	0.45
	Val	RMSE	0.23	0.24	0.31	0.29	0.21	0.14
		RPIQ	0.51	1.09	0.38	0.41	1.22	0.85
		2 R	0.92	0.81	0.67	0.11	0.26	0.87
	Cal	RMSE	0.68	1.14	1	2.11	2.22	0.8
SOC (g kg^-1)		RPIQ	2.67	1.84	2.79	0.94	0.94	3.52
		2 R	0.01	0.28	0.04	0.31	0.18	0.35
	Val	RMSE	3.32	3.64	2.7	2.91	2.18	0.94
		RPIQ	0.37	1.09	0.24	1.2	1.82	0.69
		2 R	0.89	0.69	0.34	0.62	0.24	0.36
	Cal	RMSE	3.07	4.47	4.71	5.84	6.97	4.64
		RPIQ	1.18	2.09	1.84	0.62	1.34	1.87
CS		2 R	0.21	0.05	0.37	0.61	0.19	0.82
	Val	RMSE	10.38	7.92	4.81	9.07	6.27	2.71
		RPIQ	0.61	0.85	0.87	0.7	1.07	1.55

		GPR model				SVM model
	Data set	Statistical parameters	Cap	Pal	At	Cap	Pal	At
		_R2	0.97	0.19	0.76	0.97	0.22	0.8
	Cal	RMSE	0.03	0.26	0.08	0.03	0.27	0.07
SOC (%)		RPIQ	5.78	1.13	2.01	4.35	1.09	2.33
SOC (%)		R²	0.44	0.08	0.15	0.15	0.09	0.12
	Val	RMSE	0.7	0.21	0.19	0.39	0.22	0.22
		RPIQ	0.63	1.36	0.93	1.13	1.26	0.81
		_R2	0.64	0.98	0.77	0.81	0.3	0.75
	Cal	RMSE	1.86	1.11	1.12	1.36	2.19	1.06
SOC (g kg^-1)		RPIQ	1.29	2.65	2.2	1.76	1.34	2.32
SOC (g kg^-1)		R²	0.01	0.11	0.66	0.03	0.08	0.5
	Val	RMSE	1.77	3.33	0.94	1.25	3.34	0.93
		RPIQ	0.39	1.2	0.99	0.55	1.19	0.99
		_R2	0.97	0.15	0.75	0.15	0.17	0.9
	Cal	RMSE	3.6	8.7	3.23	6.8	8.94	2.29
		RPIQ	1.57	1.59	1.85	0.83	1.54	2.62
		R²	0.28	0.15	0.05	0.62	0.24	0.12
	Val	RMSE	10.68	4.05	6.25	11.12	3.66	6.5
		RPIQ	0.42	0.56	0.7	0.4	0.62	0.67
		MLR model				PLSR model
	Data set	Statistical parameters	Cap	Pal	At	Cap	Pal	At
		_R2	0.51	0.18	0.61	0.69	0.16	0.67
	Cal	RMSE	0.1	0.24	0.08	0.08	0.24	0.08
SOC (%)		RPIQ	1.49	1.24	2.07	1.87	1.23	2.25
SOC (%)		R²	0.4	0.07	0.23	0.5	0.02	0.17
	Val	RMSE	1.29	0.21	0.2	0.51	0.21	0.18
		RPIQ	0.34	1.35	0.89	0.85	1.35	1.01
		_R2	0.58	0.43	0.51	0.38	0.13	0.39
	Cal	RMSE	1.76	1.59	1.21	2.13	1.96	1.34
SOC (g kg^-1)		RPIQ	1.36	1.84	2.05	1.13	1.5	1.84
SOC (g kg^-1)		R²	0	0.01	0.39	0.03	0.15	0.52
	Val	RMSE	2.34	3.85	1.11	2.51	3.4	0.89
		RPIQ	0.29	1.04	0.84	0.27	1.17	1.03
		R²	0.39	0.11	0.61	0.49	0.13	0.67
	Cal	RMSE	5.33	8.23	3.17	4.85	8.12	2.92
CS		RPIQ	1.06	1.68	1.89	1.16	1.7	2.05
CS		_R2	0.62	0.11	0.2	0.28	0.01	0.1
	Val	RMSE	9.11	4.41	6.05	9.47	5.05	5.76
		RPIQ	0.49	0.52	0.72	0.47	0.45	0.76

				GPR model		SVM model				MLR model
	Data set	SP	Cap	Pal	At	Reg	Cap	Pal	At	Reg	Cap	Pal	At	Reg
		R²	0.23	0.54	0.41	0.66	0.13	0.56	0.41	0.71	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	Cal	RMSE	0.19	14	1.54	0.24	0.2	0.14	0.11	0.23	0.22	2	0.14	0.43
SOC (%)		RPIQ	0.53	1.4	1.12	3.32	0.5	1.49	1.84	3.4	0.47	1.01	1.43	1.85
SOC (%)		_R2	0.0	0.05	0.05	0.23	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.23	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	Val	RMSE	0.42	0.34	3.6	0.39	0.39	0.36	0.27	0.42	0.3	0.35	0.23	0.47
		RPIQ	0.91	0.98	0.48	0.7	0.97	0.92	0.84	0.65	1.26	0.94	0.97	0.58
		R²	0.41	0.45	0.51	0.59	0.41	0.34	0.57	0.58	0.0	0.0	0.12	0.04
	Cal	RMSE	1.54	1.94	1.27	2.88	1.64	2.12	1.19	2.94	1.98	2.59	1.66	4.42
SOC (g.kg-¹)		RPIQ	1.12	1.85	1.43	2.87	1.05	1.69	1.53	2.81	0.86	1.39	1.09	1.87
SOC (g.kg-¹)		_R2	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.75	0.01	0.34	0.05	0.78	0	0	0.1	0.03
	Val	RMSE	3.6	2.53	2.83	2.37	3.53	1.78	3.43	2.06	3.28	2.23	1.82	3.92
		RPIQ	0.48	0.7	0.57	2.9	0.49	1	0.47	3.34	0.53	0.79	0.9	1.75
		R²	0.25	0.45	0.48	0.47	0.2	0.43	0.45	0.42	0	0.12	0.11	0.05
	Cal	RMSE	8.45	5.82	5.67	8.73	8.87	5.9	5.8	9.15	9.69	7.31	7.35	11.69
CS		RPIQ	0.98	1.79	0.93	2.19	0.93	1.77	0.91	2.09	0.85	1.43	0.72	1.63
CS		_R2	0.16	0.02	0.02	0.49	0.78	0.2	0.2	0.45	0	0.21	0.03	0.27
	Val	RMSE	51.4	8.78	8.37	8.09	25.57	6.85	11.7	8.44	2.56	8.65	5.52	10.42
		RPIQ	0.06	0.8	0.95	1.79	25.57	1.03	0.68	1.72	1.22	0.81	1.44	1.39

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