Salicylic acid and soaking times on the emergence, gas exchange and early growth of umbu

Correia, Máximo A.; Silva, Luderlândio de A.; Nóbrega, Jackson S.; Souto, Lauter S.; Brito, Larissa A.; Moreira, Romulo C. L.; Souza, Anielson dos S.; Sá, Francisco V. da S.

doi:10.1590/1983-21252024v3712060rc

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Scientific Article • Rev. Caatinga 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252024v3712060rc linkcopy

Salicylic acid and soaking times on the emergence, gas exchange and early growth of umbu

Ácido salicílico e tempos de embebição na emergência, trocas gasosas e crescimento inicial de umbuzeiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Umbu is a fruit species to the Brazilian Caatinga, showing a significant potential for various purposes and serving as a source of job and income for small producers in northeastern Brazil. This species has seed coat dormancy, which limits the production of uniform planting areas. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate the overcoming of dormancy, gas exchange and initial growth of S. tuberosa subjected to different soaking times and concentrations of salicylic acid. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement referring to five concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mg L^-1) and

five soaking times (0, 8, 16, 24, and 32 hours). Seed conditioning for 32 hours at the concentration of 120 mg L^-1 promoted the highest germination percentage and germination speed index of S. tuberosa seedlings. Soaking at 40 and 80 mg L^-1 of salicylic acid improves the gas exchange and growth of S. tuberosa seedlings. The concentration of 160 mg L^-1 for 32 hours increased root, stem, and total dry matter. Leaf dry matter was higher in plants subjected to the concentration of 80 mg L^-1 and the time of 14 hours. Conditioning the seeds for 32 hours at a concentration of 120 mg L^-1 was effective in overcoming seed dormancy and could be a alternative for producing S. tuberosa seedlings.

Keywords Spondias tuberosa Arruda; Caatinga; Seed conditioning; Seed dormancy; Phytohormone; Photosynthesis

Source of variation	DF	Mean Square
Source of variation	DF	E%	ESI
Soaking time (T)	4	676.47^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.0120^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Linear regression	1	555.57^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.024^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Quadratic regression	1	194.32™	0.0032™
Salicylic acid (SA)	4	1114.19^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.0096^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Linear regression	1	4051.35^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.035^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Quadratic regression	1	99.16^ns ns not significant.	0.000023™
Interaction (T x SA)	16	346.54^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.0048^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Blocks	3	66.69™	0.0046™
Residual	72	84.04	0.0017
CV (%)	-	19.9	36.0
Shapiro Wilk		0.9993	0.9394

Source of variation	DF	gs	Mean Square				iCE
Source of variation	DF	gs	E	Ci	A	WUE	iCE
Soaking time (T)	4	0.00034™	0.083™	212.23™	4.53^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	2.43^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.00015^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Linear regression	1	0.000338™	0.133™	499.28™	12.68^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	7.87^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.00042^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Quadratic regression	1	0.00006™	0.044™	41.65™	0.031^ns ns not significant.	1.21™	0.00009™
Salicylic acid (SA)	4	0.00060^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.219^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	2515.2^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	6.13^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	1.90^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.00017^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Linear regression	1	0.00011^ns ns not significant.	0.00045™	6006.0^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	2.52^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	3.10^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.00042^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Quadratic regression	1	0.0021^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.718^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	2944.5^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	21.81^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	2.79^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.00022^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Interaction (T x SA)	16	0.00020™	0.072™	513.06™	1.87^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.372^ns ns not significant.	0.000030™
Blocks	3	0.00008™	0.095™	779.7™	1.30™	0.416™	0.000072™
Residual	72	0.00014	0.046	325.9	0.66	4.485	0.000026
CV (%)	-	27.0	23.6	7.71	20.5	15.82	31.1
Shapiro Wilk		0.9594	0.9318	0.9484	0.8249	0.9910	0.9283

Source of variation	DF -	Mean Square
Source of variation	DF -	PH	SD	NL	RDM	SDM	LDM	TDM
Soaking time (T)	4	22.4”	0.59”	0.22™	0.14^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.010^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.01Γ^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.29^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Linear regression	1	17.9^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.29™	0.005™	0.01^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.004^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.014^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.005™
Quadratic regression	1	1.83™	0.00 l^ns ns not significant.	0.31™	0.05^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.007^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.0003™	0.1Γ^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;
Salicylic acid (SA)	4	17.9”	0.34™	3.92^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.09^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.010^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.010^* * significant at 0.05 probability level;	0.22^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Linear regression	1	2.48™	12.5^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.08“	0.03^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.019^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.005^ns ns not significant.	0.15^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Quadratic regression	1	63.2^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	2.77^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	12.9”	0.02^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.011^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.032^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.73^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Interaction (T x SA)	16	13.3^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.16^ns ns not significant.	5.21”	0.06^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.009^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.010^ significant at 0.01 probability level;	0.19^ significant at 0.01 probability level;
Blocks	3	8.25™	0.40™	0.92^ns ns not significant.	0.005™	0.0008™	0.0003™	0.004™
Residual	72	2.35	0.14	0.76	0.003	0.0007	0.003	0.007
CV (%)		10.4	13.6	10.4	14.6	19.7	25.7	11.4
Shapiro Wilk		0.9218	0.9358	0.8810	0.9591	0.9563	0.9109	0.9152

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[TFN1] ^*
significant at 0.05 probability level;

[TFN2] ^**
significant at 0.01 probability level;

[TFN3] ^ns
not significant.