Chan et al. (2019) (22) China |
Mixed-method study |
40 cancer patients living in the community |
The Brief Hope Intervention consisted of four one-on-one sessions: two (1-hour) face-to-face sessions and two (30-minute) telephone follow-up sessions in between. |
There were three core features in the hope therapy: (a) goal thoughts: finding workable goals, (b) pathway thoughts: finding ways to reach the targets, and (c) agency thoughts: positive self-talk to optimize their motivation to accomplish the set goals(22). |
Khaledi Sardashti et al. (2018) (23) Iran |
Quantitative Quasi-experimental |
38 diabetic patients |
The intervention consisted of eight 2-hour group sessions. |
"The content of the sessions consisted of a combination of Snyder's hope therapy and the hope plan in Islam. (…) Hope therapy is a narrative approach based on the life story of individuals. In addition, the life story of each individual is based on that individuals' culture, and individuals retell their life story based on their culture" (p.283)(23). |
Rakhshan, et al. (2018) (24) Iran |
Quantitative RCT |
60 patients with multiple sclerosis and 60 of their family caregivers |
The intervention group received an intervention based on the collaborative care model on hope (exclusively for each patient and his/her caregiver) through four stages and eight sessions over a period of 12 weeks. |
This model is an educational method based on the patient's participation in the management of chronic disease, including phases of motivation, preparation, involvement, and evaluation(24). |
Duggleby et al. (2016) (25) Canada |
Qualitative |
13 dyads (persons with advanced cancer and their caregivers) |
Living with Hope Program (LWHP) is a unique hope-focused intervention, as itis specifically tailored and designed for older home care patients with advanced cancer. |
The LWHP was developed based on the "transforming hope" grounded theory and included some hope activities: (1) acknowledging "life the way it is," (2) searching for meaning, (3) positive reappraisal, (4) spirituality, and (5) positive relationships(25). |
Binaei et al. (2016) (26) Iran |
Quantitative RCT |
46 adult patients with congestive heart failure |
60-min sessions of hope-promoting interventions based on religious beliefs were held twice a week for 3 weeks. |
The "hope-promoting intervention was based on the purpose of human creation and its foundation was based on the faith in God. Through this faith, such trust and confidence is achieved in the human psyche that he/she will become patient and resistant against all adversities of life" (p.82)(26). |
Ghazavi et al. (2015)(27) Iran |
Quantitative Quasi-experimental |
38 diabetic patients |
Hope therapy in the present study is a combination of Snyder's hope therapy and hope program in Islam. 120-min sessions of hope therapy were held twice a week for 4 weeks. |
The hope therapy included four sections: "(1) activities and assignments were discussed; (2) the subjects underwent education of psychological and hope-related skills; (3) the participants were encouraged to go over the problems objectively and clearly and help one another to solve them by use of hope skills; (4) the assignments of the future session were determined" (p.77)(27). |
Rahimipour et al. (2015) (28) Iran |
Quantitative RCT |
End-stage chronic renal failure patients were undergoing a 4-h hemodialysis session twice or three times a week. |
Hope therapy program was administered for 8 weeks once a week (each session lasted 1-1.5 h) |
The hope therapy is based on the development of hope and its effect on stress, anxiety, and depression and its role in the trend of solving the problems and disorders(28). |
Rustøen, et al. (2011) (29) Norway |
Quantitative Single group, longitudinal study |
A community-based sample of persons with cancer |
The HOPE-IN consisted of eight 2-h sessions conducted over 8 weeks. |
"At the first meeting, introductions were made, and the purpose of the HOPE-IN was described. The next six sessions focused on the following content: belief in oneself and in one's own ability, emotional reactions, relationships with others, active involvement, spiritual beliefs and values, and acknowledgement that there is a future. The last session reviewed the key points of the HOPE-IN" (p.352)(29). |