Perfil e intenciones emprendedoras de estudiantes de enfermería: comparativo entre Brasil y Chile

Colichi, Rosana Maria Barreto; Gómez-Urrutia, Verónica; Jimenez-Figueroa, Andres Eduardo; Nunes, Hélio Rubens de Carvalho; Lima, Silvana Andrea Molina

doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0890

Brasil

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 73 (6) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0890 linkcopiar

Perfil e intenciones emprendedoras de estudiantes de enfermería: comparativo entre Brasil y Chile

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo: identificar y comparar los factores asociados con el perfil, intenciones, motivaciones y barreras al comportamiento emprendedor de estudiantes de enfermería de Brasil y Chile.

Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado entre marzo y septiembre de 2018, que incluyó a 889 estudiantes de enfermería. Se utilizó un formulario para evaluar el perfil sociodemográfico, los reclamos profesionales, las intenciones y motivaciones empresariales. En el análisis estadístico, se utilizaron las pruebas exactas de Chi-Cuadrado y de Fisher, con un nivel de significancia de 5% y un modelo de regresión logística simple.

Resultados: existen diferencias significativas entre países en el perfil de los estudiantes y en las motivaciones estudiadas, pero no en intenciones profesionales e intenciones empresariales. La falta de educación sobre el tema demuestra ser una barrera importante para el emprendimiento.

Conclusión: dada la falta de enseñanza del emprendimiento en los cursos de pregrado en enfermería y las características inherentes a los estudiantes en esta área, la educación debe ser apropiada para diferentes culturas para preparar a los futuros profesionales para otras áreas de especialización.

Descriptores: Mercado de Trabajo; Contrato de Riesgo; Estudiantes de Enfermería; Educación en Enfermería; Intención

Variables	Country
	Brazil (n=383)		Chile (n=506)		p value
	n	%	n	%
Males	45	11.7	118	23.3	< 0.001
Private institution	276	72.1	210	41.5	< 0.001
Age group
≤ 19	97	25.3	99	19.6	< 0.001
20-25	173	45.2	363	71.9	< 0.001
≥ 26	113	29.5	43	8.5	< 0.001
With partner	91	23.8	6	1.2	< 0.001
With children	85	22.2	24	4.8	< 0.001
Elementary school
Public institution	279	73.0	211	41.8	< 0.001
Private subsidized	0	0.0	260	51.5	< 0.001
Private	103	27.0	34	6.7	< 0.001
High school
Public institution	291	76.6	202	40.4	< 0.001
Private subsidized	0	0.0	271	54.2	< 0.001
Private	89	23.4	27	5.4	< 0.001
Enterprising city	79	20.7	32	6.4	< 0.001
Working	188	49.1	76	15.0	< 0.001
Work type
Nursing assistant	16	8.6	1	1.4	< 0.001
Nursing technician	50	26.9	1	1.4	< 0.001
Another function in health	43	23.1	2	2.7	< 0.001
Outside the health area	77	41.4	69	94.5	< 0.001
In health	109	28.6	4	0.8	< 0.001
Residence
Living with family	280	73.1	397	78.5	< 0.001
Living with other people	12	3.1	94	18.6	< 0.001
Living alone	32	8.4	13	2.6	< 0.001
Participating in research project	64	16.9	211	42.0	< 0.001
Scholarship grant	89	23.2	361	71.3	< 0.001
With entrepreneur relative	141	37.1	139	27.6	< 0.001
Future intentions
Do not know	26	6.8	23	4.5	0.147
Non-health-related	10	2.8	6	1.2	0.102
Continuing studies	278	72.6	300	59.6	< 0.001
Professors	31	8.1	27	5.3	0.099
Public hospital workers	136	35.5	323	63.8	< 0.001
Private institution workers	72	18.8	77	15.3	0.165
PHC workers	0	0.0	17	3.4	< 0.001
NGO workers/volunteers	2	0.5	3	0.6	0.889
Own business	24	6.3	33	6.5	0.878
Motivation for intentions
Financial return	97	25.4	20	4.0	< 0.001
Personal satisfaction	200	52.2	245	48.4	0.262
Putting into practice	127	33.2	86	17.0	< 0.001
Ease of study	16	4.2	12	2.4	0.125
Desire to care for	75	19.6	280	55.3	< 0.001
Third-party desire	9	2.3	15	3.0	0.576
Professional stability	99	25.8	69	13.6	< 0.001
Not into nursing	1	0.3%	5	1.0	0.190
No clear answer	27	7.0%	42	8.3	0.490
Reasons that lead to entrepreneurship
Financial return	300	78.3	237	46.8	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Personal satisfaction	275	71.8	325	64.2	0.017 ⁽¹⁾
Putting talents into practice	159	41.5	147	29.1	<0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Personality	220	57.4	387	76.5	<0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Financing	37	9.7	87	17.2	0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Country's economic stability	39	10.2	66	13.0	0.191 ⁽¹⁾
Outsourcing	60	15.7	152	30.0	<0.001 ⁽¹⁾
New technologies	84	21.9	75	14.8	0.006 ⁽¹⁾
Preceptor incentive	26	6.8	25	4.9	0.241 ⁽¹⁾
Undergraduate teaching	70	18.3	96	19.0	0.792 ⁽¹⁾
Government policies	27	7.0	58	11.5	0.027 ⁽¹⁾
Autonomy	2	0.5	2	0.4	1.000 ⁽²⁾
Lack of job opportunity	1	0.3	26	5.1	<0.001 ⁽²⁾
Desire to serve people	0	0.0	2	0.4	0.509 ⁽²⁾
Desire to create jobs	0	0.0	1	0.2	1.000 ⁽²⁾
Current working conditions	1	0.3	3	0.6	0.638 ⁽²⁾
No response	0	0.0	2	0.4	0.509 ⁽²⁾
Barriers to endeavor
Lack of Knowledge	258	67.4	217	42.9	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Bureaucracy	196	51.2	157	31.0	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Low initial return	156	40.7	190	37.5	0.335 ⁽¹⁾
Unfair competition	61	15.9	52	10.3	0.015 ⁽¹⁾
Medical-centered culture	122	31.9	177	35.0	0.329 ⁽¹⁾
Personality profile	56	14.6	64	12.6	0.394 ⁽¹⁾
Need for investment	169	44.1	277	54.7	0.002 ⁽¹⁾
Country's economic instability	115	30.0	55	10.9	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Lack of support	36	9.4	68	13.4	0.064 ⁽¹⁾
Lack of public policies	40	10.4	186	36.8	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Lack of support from class entities	54	14.1	70	13.8	0.910 ⁽¹⁾
Lack of teaching in undergraduate courses	74	19.3	82	16.2	0.227 ⁽¹⁾
Caring for is more important	32	8.4	87	17.2	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Convenience	0	0.0	2	0.4	0.509 ⁽²⁾
Restriction of the field of practice	0	0.0	1	0.2	1.000 ⁽²⁾
Lack of time	0	0.0	1	0.2	1.000 ⁽²⁾
Career possibility citation (words)
Related to entrepreneurial practice	146	38.1	156	30.8	0.023 ⁽¹⁾
"entrepreneur" and "endeavoring"	21	5.5	13	2.6	0.025 ⁽¹⁾
Related to home care	117	30.5	83	16.4	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾
Related to self-employment. independent or private	20	5.2	63	12.5	< 0.001 ⁽¹⁾

Variables	Brazil				Chile
Variables	OR	IC95%		p value	OR	IC95%		p value
Being in a private institution	4.2*	0.98	18.7	0.053	0.5	0.22	1.2	0.126
Gender	.786	.176	3.506	0.752	.793	.320	1.967	0.617
Age	1.146	.953	1.378	0.146	1.265	.973	1.645	0.079
Age group				0.295				0.215
Age group 1	1.295	.387	4.332	0.675	3.686	.855	15.899	0.080
Age group 2	2.362	.700	7.978	0.166	3.553	.570	22.123	0.174
Marital status	1.661	.651	4.237	0.288	2.971	.336	26.309	0.328
Family with businessman	2.000	.850	4.800	0.110	0.800	.350	2.010	0.690
Children	2.071	.807	5.313	0.130	1.658	.366	7.522	0.512
Type of elementary school	.730	.262	2.040	0.549	1.443	.645	3.232	0.372
Type of high school	.890	.318	2.493	0.824	.891	.413	1.922	0.769
Family income				0.019				0.416
Family income range 1	5.470*	1.792	16.698	0.003	.829	.349	1.967	0.670
Family income range 2	1.321	.142	12.267	0.806	1.622	.612	4.301	0.331
Family income range 3	.000	0.000		0.998
Living in an entrepreneurial city	.632	.181	2.202	0.471	.521	.068	3.978	0.530
Working	2.044	.833	5.011	0.118	1.540	.602	3.936	0.368
Work type				0.860				1.000
Work type (1)	.550	.089	3.408	0.521	.000	0.000		0.999
Work type (2)	.458	.068	3.102	0.424	.000	0.000		0.999
Work type (3)	.491	.084	2.862	0.429	.000	0.000		1.000
Working in health	1.775	.732	4.301	0.204	4.976	.501	49.400	0.171
Living with family members	8.457*	1.121	63.823	0.038	.831	.344	2.007	0.680
Living with someone	.000	0.000		0.999	1.165	.459	2.959	0.747
Living alone	.000	0.000		0.998	1.468	.181	11.879	0.719
Participating in research project	.749	.214	2.619	0.650	1.287	.606	2.734	0.512
Scholarship grant	.972	.347	2.727	0.957	.660	.303	1.439	0.296

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Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
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[TFN1] Nota: Teste de Qui-Quadrado; (2) Exato de Fisher; - nível de significância: α = 0,05.