Blot et al., 198357 |
United States |
1975–1978 |
Hospital |
|
67 |
Years of mouthwash use (0-4, 5-9, 10-24, ≥ 25) and duration of retention in the mouth, frequency of use and concentration |
Female patients with oral and pharyngeal cancer ICD, Rev. 8 (141,143-146,148,149) |
Age, raçe, country, respondent (proxy or not) and tobacco habits |
Low risk |
Mashberg et al., 198558 |
United States |
1981–1983 |
Hospital |
|
40-70+ |
Mouthwash use (people who used it routinely were those who reported using the mouthwash at least four times a week) |
Oral and pharyngeal cancer |
Tobacco habits |
Moderate risk |
Young et al., 198659 |
United States |
Unreported |
Hospital |
-
238 male cases
-
79 female cases
-
230 male controls
-
76 female controls
|
63.2/61.5 |
Mouthwash use |
Oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and hypopharyngeal cancer |
Tobacco habits |
Moderate risk |
Winn et al., 199160 |
United States |
1984–1985 |
Community |
-
573 male cases
-
293 female cases
-
821 male controls
-
428 female controls
|
18-79 |
Mouthwash use (people who used mouthwash at least once a week for six months or more). Initial age (years): <20, 20-29, 30-49, 50+, never. Duration (years): 0, 1-19, 20-39, 40+; Frequency (times / month): 0, 1-29, 30-59, 60+. Alcohol content: none, low ‘<25%’, high ‘≥ 25%’, mixed |
Primary incidence of cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx ICD, Rev. 9 (141, 143-146, 148; 149) |
Age, gender, race, education, study center, smoking, drinking, and fruit intake |
Low risk |
Talamini et al., 200061 |
Italy |
1996–2000 |
Hospital |
|
27-86 |
Mouthwash use (times a week) |
Cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx |
Gender, age, fruit and vegetable intake and smoking and drinking habits |
Low risk |
D’Souza et al., 200762 |
United States |
2000–2005 |
Hospital |
|
≤ 50 ≥ 65 |
Mouthwash use (times a day) |
Oropharyngeal SCC |
Age and gender |
Moderate risk |
Marques et al., 200850 |
Brazil |
1998–2002 |
Hospital |
|
40–70+ |
Mouthwash use (never, less than once a day, once or more times a day) |
Mouth cancer and pharynx cancer ICD, Rev. 10 (C00- C06, C02.4 C05.1, C05.2, C09, C10) |
Gender, age, schooling, smoking, alcohol consumption and all other oral health/hygiene variables |
Low risk |
Chang et al., 201363 |
China |
2010–2012 |
Hospital |
|
20-80 |
Mouthwash use (without alcohol or containing alcohol) or no use of mouthwash |
Oral SCC located in the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx; people who has not been previously diagnosed with cancer |
Gender, age, education, cigarette smoking (pack-year categories), betel quid chewing (pack-year categories) and alcohol intake (frequency) |
Low risk |
Eliot et al., 201319 |
United States |
2006–2011 |
Community |
|
56/ 60.5 |
Mouthwash use frequency (never; sometimes; at least once a day). Mouthwash use for alcoholic content (rarely or never; non-alcoholic; alcoholic). Rinse use by alcohol content and frequency (low or alcohol-free infrequently; Low or alcohol-free frequently; high with alcohol infrequently; high with alcohol frequently) |
Incident cases of head and neck SCC ICD, Rev. 9 (141–146; 161) |
Age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, annual household income, city, and history of periodontal disease |
Low risk |
Ahrens et al., 201439 |
Multicentric (Spain, Czech Republic, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Croatia, United Kingdom) |
2002–2005 |
Hospital |
|
59.8 |
Mouthwash use frequency |
ICD Rev. 10 (C00-06), oropharynx (C09, 10), hypopharynx (C12, 13), pharynx (C14), larynx (C32) or esophagus (C15) |
Age, gender, study center, smoking status, a accumulative tobacco consumption, alcohol drinking duration accumulative alcohol consumption, SES/professional education, University degree, consumption of fruits and vegetables |
Low risk |
Alnuaimi et al., 201564 |
Australia |
2012–2013 |
Hospital |
|
23-88 |
Regular alcohol mouthwash user |
Oral SCC |
Age, gender, and use of dental prothesis |
Moderate risk |
Assunção Junior, 201565 |
Brazil |
Unreported |
Hospital |
|
26-87 |
Mouthwash use, type of mouthwash and weekly frequency |
SCC located in the oral cavity and oropharynx |
Age and gender |
Moderate risk |
Boffetta et al., 201640 |
Multicentric (United States, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Brazil and Cuba, Italy, Spain, Poland, Canada and India) |
1981–2012 |
Hospital and Community |
|
15-80 |
Mouthwash use. Duration of use in years: 0 (non-users), 1–15, 16–35 or 36+. Frequency of use per day: 0 (non-users), up to 1 time / day, more than once / day |
Head and neck cancer ICD Rev. 10 (C00.3-C00.9, C02.0-C02.3,C03.0, C03.1,C03.9,C04.0, C04.1,C04.8,C04.9, C05.0,C06.0-C06.2, C06.8,C06.9;C01.9, C02.4,C05.1,C05.2, C09.0,C09.1,C09.8, C09.9,C10.0,C10.4, C10.8,C10.9;C12.9, C13.0–13.2, C13.8, C13.9;C32.0-C32.3, C32.8-C32.9 |
Study center, age, gender, cumulative tobacco smoking (pack-years), average amount of alcohol intake, and education level |
Low risk |
Saira et al., 201949 |
Pakistan |
2015–2016 |
Hospital |
|
55/52.8 |
Mouthwash use |
Carcinoma in the oral cavity, larynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx and pharynx |
Age, race and language |
Moderate risk |
Sharma et al., 202048 |
India |
Unreported |
Unreported |
|
53.4/ 51.7 |
Mouthwash use daily |
Oral SCC |
Unadjusted for confounding bias |
Moderate risk |