Bartok (2011) 27 |
USA |
37 |
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 m |
HM by bottle ( versus breast) |
No significant mean differences at any age |
HIC |
Convenience |
Andres et al. (2012) 15 |
USA |
391 |
3, 6, 9 e 12 m |
BF at 1–2m, 6 and 12 m ( versus FF versus soy formula) |
No significant mean differences at any age |
HIC |
Beginnings Study |
|
|
Convenience |
|
Bouthoorn et al. (2012) 13 |
Netherlands |
3,383 |
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11m |
Maternal educational level: |
Regression coefficients that reflect the differences in HC in offspring of mothers with low, mid-low, and mid high educational level relative to children of women with high educational level (reference group): |
HIC |
Subsample of the Generation R |
High: university degree |
1 m: -0.38 [-0.50, -0.26], -0.15 [-0.25, -0.05], -0.07 [-0.16, 0.03], reference |
|
population-based cohort |
Mid-high: higher vocational training, Bachelor’s degree |
3 m: -0.25 [-0.37, -0.13], -0.10 [-0.20, -0.003], -0.09 [-0.19, -0.003], reference |
|
|
Mid-low: > 3 years general secondary school, intermediate vocational training |
4, 6, and 11 m: no association |
|
|
Low: no education, primary school, lower vocational training, intermediate general school, or 3 years or less general secondary school. |
|
|
|
BF at 2, 6, and 12m as mediator between maternal educational levels and infant’s HC |
|
|
|
|
At 1 and 3 months of age, the differences in HC for the low and/or the mid-low education group were attenuated with more than 10% by individual adjustment for maternal and paternal height, pre-pregnancy BMI, birth weight, gestational age, child’s weight and height and breastfeeding |
Herba et al. (2013) 16 |
Netherlands |
680 |
Birth–2 m |
Current BF practices |
Main BF effect on HC at 12m- aAdjusted model: p = 0.09, R2 = 0.470 |
HIC |
Subsample of the Generation R study |
EBF ( versus Bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.14 [-0.01, 0.29] |
|
|
EBF ( versus Breast- and bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.07 [-0.11, 0.25] |
|
Population-Based |
Breast- and bottle-fed ( versus Bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.07 [-0.12, 0.26] |
|
|
Breastfeeding history in the first 2 months |
Main BF effect - *Adjusted model: p = 0.04, R2 = 0.471 |
|
|
EBF ( versus never BF) |
Higher HC mean: 0.22 [0.00, 0.44], p = 0.05 |
|
|
EBF ( versus Breast- and bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.09 [-0.05, 0.23] |
|
|
breast- and bottle-fed ( versus never BF) |
No significant difference between means: 0.13 [-0.09, 0.34] |
Shinn et al. (2018) 30 |
USA |
149 |
1m, 3m, 6m, 9m, 12m |
BF ( versus FF, FF+BF, complementary feedings) at 28 d to 6m |
No association |
HIC |
Convenience |
Pivik et al. (2019) 18 |
USA |
518 |
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 m |
BF up to 4m ( versus FF versus soy formula) |
No association at 3m, 4m, 5m, and 6m |
HIC |
Beginnings Study |
|
|
Convenience |
Significant mean differences only at 2 m (p = 0.047) → boys p=0.016 and girls p = 0.405 |
Guzzardi et al. (2020) 19 |
Italy |
80 |
3, 6, 12, 18, 24m |
EBF at 3 and 6 m ( versus no EBF) |
No significant differences |
HIC |
PISAC |
|
Convenience |
Jinno et al. (2020) 20 |
Japan |
167 |
1, 4, and 7m |
Formula with a protein content of 2.2 g/100 kcal ( versus BF babies with no formula intake at baseline) |
No group-dependent effect on HC growth and no difference between means |
HIC |
Prospective |
|
Convenience |
Rodd et al. (2020) 28 |
Canada |
2,795 |
birth, 3m, 1y |
EBF up to 6 m ( versus BF+FF versus FF) |
At 3m: lower HCZ mean (p = 0.002) |
HIC |
Population based birth cohort |
At 1 y: no significant difference between means |
Wu et al. (2011) 14 |
Taiwan |
60 |
Birth, 4 w, and 8 w |
EBF up to 8 w ( versus FF) |
No significant differences of mean changes |
UMIC |
Convenience |
Huang et al. (2018) 26 |
China |
213 (EBF ≥ 4 m) |
5–8 m, 12 m |
BF duration |
†Multivariate analysis: |
UMIC |
Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort |
|
At 5-8 m: no association (β = 0.02) |
|
Convenience |
|
At 12 m: no association (β = -0.08) |
|
|
Age of weaning |
At 5-8 m: negative association (β = -0.12) |
|
|
|
At 12 m: no association (β = -0.42) |
Giacomini et al. (2020) 7 |
Brazil |
774 |
Birth, 10–15 m |
EBF ≥ 90 d ( versus EBF < 90 d) |
‡Final model: |
UMIC |
MINA-Brazil birth cohort |
Higher HCZ means at 12m: β = 0.11 [0.00–0.23] |
|
Population-Based |
|
Dwipoerwantoro et al. (2015) 31 |
Indonesia |
160 |
2–6 w, 6w, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12m |
EBF at baseline ( versus FF) |
Significant mean differences only at 3 m (p < 0.05) and 4 m (p < 0.01) |
LMIC |
Convenience |
Borazjani et al. (2019) 17 |
Iran |
195 |
birth, 2, 4 and 6 m |
EBF ( versus FF versus FF+BF) |
Higher cumulative HC growth |
LMIC |
Convenience |
Sindhu et al. (2019) 6 |
India |
226 |
Birth - 12m |
EBF for < 4m ( versus ≥ 4 m) |
No association with HC deficit at 12m: |
LMIC |
Indian sample of the birth cohort of MAL-ED |
Crude analysis: OR = 1.68 [0.66–4.29] |
|
Convenience |
§Final model: Adjusted OR = 3.279 [0.898–11.977] |
Nicolaou et al. (2020) 32 |
Multicenter: |
1210 |
1, 12 e 24 m |
Cumulative proportion of BF days |
Weak association with higher HCZ values (p < 0.25) |
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, |
MAL-ED |
Tanzania (LMICs); Peru and South Africa (UMICs) |
Convenience |
Fallah et al. (2021) 21 |
Iran |
274 |
Birth, 1–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–9, 9–12, and 12–18 m |
EBF < 6 m ( versus ≥ 6 m) |
║No association with HC over time: β = -0.02 [-0.23–0.19] |
LMIC |
Retrospective cohort |
|
Convenience |