The habit of drinking and driving in Brazil: National Survey of Health 2013 and 2019

Ribeiro, Lucas Sisinno; Damacena, Giseli Nogueira; Souza Junior, Paulo Roberto Borges de; Szwarcwald, Célia Landmann

doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004472

Brasil

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Original Article • Rev. Saúde Pública 56 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004472 linkcopy

The habit of drinking and driving in Brazil: National Survey of Health 2013 and 2019

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE To assess factors associated with the habit of drinking and driving and estimating the variations in the prevalence of this behavior in 2013 and 2019, considering information from the two editions of the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS – National Survey of Health).

METHODS PNS is a nationwide cross-sectional home-based study. In 2013 and 2019, 60,202 and 85,854 individuals were interviewed, respectively. To assess the association between the indicator “drinking and driving” and the study variables, crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using logistic regression models. To compare the prevalence between the studied years, a Pearson’s chi-squared test adjusted by the Rao-Scott correction (which considers the effect of the sampling plan) and converted into an F statistic, tested at a 5% significance level, was used.

RESULTS The prevalence of drinking and driving was higher among men in 2013 (27.4%; 95%CI 25.6–29.3%) and 2019 (20.5%; 95%CI 19.4–21.7%) than among women (11.9%; 95%CI 9.9–14.2% and 7.2%; 95%CI 6.7–9.0%, respectively). Inidviduals aged 30 to 39, who lived without a partner, in rural areas, and were motorcycle drivers had significantly higher estimates. Men with higher income had higher prevalence of drinking and driving. From 2013 to 2019, the act of drinking and driving significantly decreased. Regarding traffic accidents, ORs were significant (p < 0.01) in the studied years for both men and women.

DISCUSSION Results show the need to continue policies to monitor blood alcohol level and traffic education, with specific actions directed to rural areas and motorcycle drivers.

Accidents, Traffic, prevention & control; Driving Under the Influence; Binge Drinking; Risk Factors; Health Surveys

Variables		2013										2019

		n	%	95%CI		OR	95%CI		OR_adj	95%CI		n	%	95%CI		OR	95%CI		OR_adj	95%CI

				LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL			LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL
Total		2,397	27.4	25.6	29.3	-	-	-	-	-	-	3,539	20.5	19.4	21.7	-	-	-	-	-	-
Age group	18–29	779	29.7	26.3	33.2	1.39ª	1.13	1.70	1.29^a	1.02	1.63	966	23.5	21.2	26.0	1.51ª	1.28	1.80	1.44^a	1.20	1.73
	30–39	740	31.4	28.0	35.1	1.51ª	1.22	1.86	1.45^a	1.17	1.80	1,123	24.7	22.4	27.2	1.62ª	1.35	1.93	1.56^a	1.30	1.87
	≥ 40	878	23.3	20.9	25.9	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	1,449	16.9	15.3	18.6	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Ethnicity/ skin color	White	1,191	25.5	23.2	28.1	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	1,574	18.9	17.4	20.5	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Ethnicity/ skin color	Non-white	1,188	29.9	27.2	32.6	1.24^a	1.05	1.47	1.24^a	1.04	1.49	1,965	22.2	20.4	24.0	1.22^a	1.06	1.42	1.16	0.99	1.37
Married or living with a partner	Yes	1,005	25.4	23.0	28.0	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	1,554	18.8	17.1	20.7	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Married or living with a partner	No	1392	29.1	26.6	31.7	1.21ª	1.02	1.42	1.07	0.88	1.28	1,985	22.1	20.7	23.6	1.22ª	1.06	1.41	1.03	0.88	1.21
Per capita income	< 1 MW	764	24.5	21.7	27.5	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	1,360	20.1	18.5	21.8	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Per capita income	≥ 1 MW	1,631	29.0	26.8	31.4	1.26ª	1.05	1.51	1.57^a	1.28	1.92	2,179	20.8	19.3	22.4	1.05	0.92	1.19	1.35^a	1.15	1.57
Residence status	Urban	2,063	26.7	24.7	28.8	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	2,901	19.8	18.5	21.1	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Residence status	Rural	333	33.1	28.9	37.6	1.36ª	1.09	1.69	1.47^a	1.16	1.86	638	25.0	22.9	27.3	1.36ª	1.18	1.56	1.34^a	1.15	1.57
Type of vehicle driven	Only car	860	24.3	21.6	27.1	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	1,421	17.6	16.2	19.1	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Type of vehicle driven	Motor-cycle	1,537	29.5	27.2	32.1	1.31^a	1.09	1.57	1.20	0.98	1.48	2,118	23.1	21.5	24.8	1.40^a	123	1.60	1.28^a	1.09	1.51

Variables		2013										2019

		n	%	95%CI		OR	95%CI		OR_adj	95%CI		n	%	95%CI		OR	95%CI		OR_adj	95%CI

				LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL			LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL
Total		255	11.9	9.9	14.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	506	7.8	6.7	9.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
Age group	18–29	86	10.7	7.8	14.6	1.19	0.76	1.85	0.82	0.52	1.29	126	7.2	5.1	9.9	1.20	0.78	1.84	1.03	0.65	1.63
	30–39	103	16.3	12.3	21.4	1.92^a	1.28	2.89	1.78^a	1.15	2.77	212	10.8	8.6	13.4	1.89^a	1.34	2.63	1.88^a	1.32	2.69
	≤ 40	66	9.2	6.6	12.6	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	168	6.0	4.9	7.4	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Ethnicity/ skin color	White	153	11.4	9.0	14.3	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	284	7.1	5.8	8.8	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Ethnicity/ skin color	Non-white	99	12.7	9.8	16.5	1.14	0.80	1.61	0.90	0.62	1.29	214	8.6	7.0	10.4	1.22	0.89	1.66	1.13	0.79	1.62
Married or living with a partner	Yes	66	8.2	5.5	11.9	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	129	5.2	3.9	7.1	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Married or living with a partner	No	188	14.1	11.6	17.1	1.85^a	1.20	2.84	2.09^a	1.38	3.17	377	9.3	7.9	11.0	1.86^a	1.28	2.70	1.94^a	1.32	2.84
Per capita income	< 1 MW	65	12.1	8.8	16.5	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	142	7.9	6.1	10.1	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Per capita income	≥ 1 MW	189	11.8	9.5	14.5	0.97	0.67	1.40	1.28	0.84	1.95	364	7.7	6.5	9.2	0.98	0.70	1.37	1.24	0.87	1.78
Residence status	Urban	239	11.9	9.8	14.3	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	458	7.6	6.5	8.9	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Residence status	Rural	15	11.6	6.4	20.2	0.98	0.66	1.43	0.92	0.59	1.44	48	9.5	6.4	13.9	1.28	0.80	2.04	1.25	0.77	2.05
Type of vehicle driven	Only car	132	10.0	7.7	12.9	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	318	7.4	6.2	9.0	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Type of vehicle driven	Motor-cycle	122	14.8	11.6	18.8	1.57^a	1.08	2.27	1.68^a	1.10	2.56	188	8.4	6.7	10.5	1.14	0.83	1.56	1.04	0.73	1.47

Variables		Men			Women

		% 2013	% 2019	p^a	% 2013	% 2019	p^a
Total		27.4	20.5	< 0.001	11.9	7.8	< 0.001
Age group	18–29	29.7	23.5	0.003	10.7	7.2	0.080
	30–39	31.4	24.7	0.002	16.3	10.8	0.023
	≥ 40	23.3	16.9	< 0.001	9.2	6.0	0.031
Ethnicity/skin color	White	25.5	18.9	< 0.001	11.4	7.1	0.003
Ethnicity/skin color	Non-white	29.9	22.2	< 0.001	12.7	8.6	0.015
Married or living with a partner	Yes	25.4	18.8	< 0.001	8.2	5.2	0.073
Married or living with a partner	No	29.1	22.1	< 0.001	14.1	9.3	0.001
Per capita income	< 1 MW	24.5	20.1	0.013	12.1	7.9	0.031
Per capita income	≥ 1 MW	29.0	20.8	< 0.001	11.8	7.7	0.003
Residence status	Urban	26.7	19.8	< 0.001	11.9	7.6	< 0.001
Residence status	Rural	33.1	25.0	< 0.001	11.6	9.5	0.521
Type of vehicle driven	Only car	24.3	17.6	< 0.001	10.0	7.4	0.071
Type of vehicle driven	Motorcycle	29.5	23.1	< 0.001	14.8	8.4	< 0.001

Drank and drove	2013										2019

	n	%	95%CI		OR	95%CI		OR_adj	95%CI		n	%	95%CI		OR	95%CI		OR_adj	95%CI

			LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL			LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL
Men	499	5.7	4.9	6.7	-	-	-	-	-	-	777	4.4	3.9	5.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
Yes	196	8.2	6.4	10.4	1.77ª	1.27	2.47	1.74ª	1.24	2.44	253	7.0	5.6	8.7	1.91ª	1.44	2.54	1.80ª	1.35	2.40
No	303	4.8	3.9	5.9	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	524	3.8	3.2	4.4	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-
Women	77	3.6	2.5	5.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	199	3.0	2.3	4.1	-	-	-	-	-	-
Yes	28	11.0	6.0	19.5	4.62ª	2.27	9.40	4.99ª	2.26	11.00	35	6.9	3.4	13.7	2.76ª	1.20	6.38	2.73ª	1.21	6.19
No	49	2.6	1.7	4.1	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	164	2.7	1.9	3.8	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-

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Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7985 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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[TFN1] 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; LL: lower limit of the confidence interval; UL: upper limit of the confidence interval; MW: minimum wage; OR: crude odds ratio; OR_adj: odds ratio adjusted for other variables.

[TFN2] ^a p ≤ 0.05.