Performance of drip tapes applying reverse osmosis reject from the carnaúba wax industry

Teixeira, Antonio D. da S.; Batista, Rafael O.; Paiva, Laio A. L. de; Rodrigues Filho, Ricardo A.; Silva, Silvanete S. da; Reges, Layla B. L.; Bandeira, Poliana M. da C.; Lavôr, Wellyda K. B. de

doi:10.1590/1983-21252023v3712327rc

Brasil

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Scientific Article • Rev. Caatinga 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252023v3712327rc linkcopy

Performance of drip tapes applying reverse osmosis reject from the carnaúba wax industry

Desempenho de fitas gotejadoras aplicando rejeito da osmose reversa da indústria de cera de carnaúba

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Water scarcity and the search for alternative water reuse are challenges faced in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The objective of this study was to predict the risk of clogging of drippers based on water quality attributes and to analyze the effects of industrial residual water and supply water on their hydraulic performance. Two experimental benches were set up in a completely randomized design, in split-split plots, with three replicates. Plots contained the types of water (supply water and reverse osmosis reject), subplots contained the types of non-pressure-compensating drippers (NST - 1.6 L h^-1, NSL - 1.6 L h^-1 and NDT - 1.7 L h^-1) and sub-subplots contained the evaluation times of the distribution uniformity coefficient and relative flow rate (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 hours). At times 0, 80 and 160 hours, the attributes pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese were characterized in both types of water. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis, ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% probability level. In residual water, the attributes that represented a risk of clogging for drippers were pH, electrical conductivity, magnesium and total dissolved solids, while in supply water only pH represented risk. The interaction between types of water and operating time significantly affected both hydraulic performance indicators, but there was no significant effect of the dripper type factor.

Keywords Copernicia prunifera; Emitters; Reuse; Distribution uniformity; Clogging

Specifications	Dripper model
Specifications	NST	NSL	NDT
Nominal flow rate (L h^-1)	1.60 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	1.60 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	1.70 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.
Pressure compensation device	No^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	No^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	No^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.
Flow rate x pressure equation	V = 0.53. P^048a	v = 0.57. P^0.45a	v = 0.56. P^0.46a
Filtering area (mm²)	34 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	17^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	6^b b Dimensions obtained using a digital caliper.
Labyrinth length (mm)	23 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	13 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	44^b b Dimensions obtained using a digital caliper.
Manufacturing coefficient of variation (%)	7^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	7^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	5^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.
Recommended pressure range (kPa)	60-100 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	65-100^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	50-300^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.
Spacing between drippers (m)	0.3 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	0.3 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.	0.2 ^a a Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.

Attributes	Operating time (h)						Descriptive statistics
	0		80		160		Mean and standard deviation and clogging risk classification
	SW	ROR	SW	ROR	SW	ROR	SW	ROR
PH	9.16	8.95	8.52	8.98	8.30	8.70	8.66(S) ±0.45	8.88(S) ±0.15
EC (dS m^-1)	0.71	1.76	0.56	1.56	0.49	1.55	0.59(B) ±0.11	1.62(M) ±0.12
Ca²⁺ (mmol_c L^-1)	0.70	3.70	1.00	2.50	0.80	3.40	0.83(B) ±0.15	3.20(L) ±0.62
Mg²⁺ (mmol_c L·¹)	1.20	3.90	1.66	2.53	0.80	1.80	1.22(B) ±0.43	2.74(M)±1.07
Mn (mg L^-1)	0.004	0.012	0.003	0.156	0.004	0.001	0.004(B) ±0.0006	0.06(L) ±0.086
Fe (mg L^-1)	0.055	0.120	0.060	0.078	0.023	0.008	0.046(B) ±0.020	0.07(L) ±0.056
TSS (mg L^-1)	8.0	14.0	4.0	30.0	6.0	14.0	6.0(B) ±2.0	19.0(L) ±9.0
TDS (mg L^-1)	112	1086	101	205	144	661	119(B) ±22	651(M)±441

Sources of variation	Degrees of freedom	Mean square
Sources of variation	Degrees of freedom	Qr	DU
Types of water (TW)	1	0.0344^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.	149.68^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.
Residual (a)	2	0.0025	8.12
Types of dripper (TD)	2	0.0016^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.	6.90^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.
TDxTW	2	0.0034^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.	2.12^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.
Residual (b)	4	0.0023	8.16
Operating time (T)	8	0.0317^ and	24.30^ and
T x TW	8	0.0080^ and	3.34^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.
TxTD	16	0.0004^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.	1.69^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.
T X TW X TD	16	0.0007^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.	3.96^ns ns Significant at 1% probability level and not significant at 5% probability level by the F-test. CV - Coefficient of variation.
Residual (c)	102	0.0010	3.73
CVplot (%)		5.39	3.00
CVsubplot (%)		5.22	3.01
CVsub-subplot (%)		3.45	2.03
Overall mean		0.92	95.02%

	TW^* * Means followed by at least one lowercase letter in the columns and one uppercase letter in the rows do not differ from each other at 5% probability level, by the Tukey test.
T (hours)	TD		Qr (decimal)		DU (%)
		SW	ROR	SW		ROR
	NST	1.00aA	l.00Aa	97.24aA		96.2 laA
0	NSL	1.00aA	1.00aA	96.59aA		95.95aA
	NDT	1.00aA	1.00aA	98.20aA		96.93aA
	NST	0.95aA	0.90aB	95.23aA		94.72aA
20	NSL	0.92aA	0.92aA	95.27aA		94.46aA
	NDT	0.96aA	0.92aA	97.61aA		91.81aB
	NST	0.96aA	0.93aA	96.22aA		94.2 laA
40	NSL	0.96aA	0.93aA	95.10aA		93.58aA
	NDT	0.96aA	0.89aB	96.61aA		96.66aA
	NST	0.93aA	0.90aA	96.03aA		96.67aA
60	NSL	0.93aA	0.94aA	96.43aA		96.29aA
	NDT	0.94aA	0.94aA	97.86aA		95.15aA
	NST	0.92aA	0.94aA	95.81aA		91.68aB
80	NSL	0.92aB	0.97aA	95.49aA		92.23aB
	NDT	0.92aA	0.95aA	95.73aA		94.28aA
	NST	0.94aA	0.90aA	95.43aA		93.98aA
100	NSL	0.96aA	0.91aB	94.52aA		94.85aA
	NDT	0.92aA	0.90aA	96.76aA		94.47aA
	NST	0.90aA	0.90aA	95.93aA		95.1 laA
120	NSL	0.9 laA	0.91aA	95.67aA		91.23bB
	NDT	0.9 laA	0.88aA	96.54aA		92.73abB
	NST	0.93aA	0.80abB	94.49aA		90.55aB
140	NSL	0.90aA	0.85bB	93.58aA		91.99aA
	NDT	0.93aA	0.79aB	93.8 laA		92.98aA
	NST	0.90aA	0,81aB	97.01aA		93.87aB
160	NSL	0.89aA	0.85aA	96.52aA		94.30aA
	NDT	0.88aA	0.83aB	95.98aA		93.82aA

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[TFN1] ^a
Technical information searched in manufacturers’ catalogues.

[TFN2] ^b
Dimensions obtained using a digital caliper.